国际湿地保护策略及模式

没有湿地就没有水,湿地是地球生态系统的重要组成部分,因此引起世界各国的普遍重视和保护。根据国外湿地保护的经验教训,热带雨林的保护,国际生态环境保护策略模式,提出因地制宜的适合本国国情的保护措施和保护策略,以及制定有关的、系统性的法律、法规,以便操作掌握。探讨了我国湿地的现状,为保护湿地,挽救生态环境危机的紧迫而有效的措施和制定有关政策、规划;提出了保护湿地的原则意见。     

青海湖盆地史前狩猎采集人群的石料利用策略研究

史前人类向青藏高原扩散的过程和适应高海拔缺氧环境的机制是多学科关注的热点科学问题.青海湖盆地是青藏高原旧石器-中石器时代遗址分布最为丰富的区域,对这些遗址出土的石制品原料的分析有助于深入理解青藏高原史前狩猎采集人群的石料开发策略、人群迁徙和交流联系.青海湖盆地151遗址出土的928件石制品的石料研究分析显示,处于末次冰消期的下文化层的石制品以近源的石英和石英岩为主要原料,而处于全新世早中期的上文化层在同类型近源石料仍占主体地位的情况下,开始出现较高比例和多样化的优质硅质石料,并且主要用于生产细石器.野外调查和查阅地质资料均未发现青海湖盆地内有151遗址中出现的同类型优质硅质石料产出,推测其来自远距离搬运.青海湖盆地内其他8个末次冰消期至全新世中期遗址的3269件石制品石料分析结果显示,与151遗址同类型的远源优质硅质石料在全新世早期开始在盆地内的遗址中出现.这一结果表明青海湖盆地末次冰消期古人类活动强度和范围有限,全新世早中期古人类受到全新世大暖期气候变好和周边地区农业人群兴起挤压活动空间的双重影响,在高原上的活动范围和强度大大增加,伴随着开始有意识地开发优质石料,较频繁地进行远距离迁移和人群交流.远源优质硅质石料的产地可能位于北祁连山区和青藏高原上的陆相火山岩区,需要未来更深入的研究揭示.该研究为深入理解青藏高原古人类的高海拔环境适应策略和移动模式提供了重要材料,为理解史前人类向高原扩散的机制提供了重要信息.     

西太平洋Y3海山对营养盐的影响及其生态环境效应

作为大洋典型地貌特征的海山,其邻近的海洋生境并不被人熟知。依据2014年冬季对热带西太平洋Y3海山及其邻近海域的综合调查,首次探讨了该海山区海水中营养盐的分布特征及其与生态环境的耦合关系。结果表明Y3海山区是典型的热带寡营养海域。在50~125 m的深度,温跃层和高盐区双重作用对底部高浓度营养盐向上输送的阻碍,是导致真光层上部营养盐浓度较低的重要原因;同时,浮游植物和异养细菌的消耗也加剧了该区域营养盐的缺乏。Y3海山突出的地形地貌对营养盐的分布产生重要的影响,海山对流经的海流产生阻碍,形成上升流,使底部高浓度的营养盐突破温跃层和高盐区的阻碍向上输送,从而使海山周围营养盐的平均浓度高于远离海山的海域。相关性分析显示,Y3海山区真光层中营养盐浓度与温度、盐度、叶绿素a浓度和异养细菌丰度分别呈负相关、正相关、负相关(除NO₂-N外)和负相关关系。海山区特殊的营养盐分布及其与生态环境的耦合是其成为一种独特的大洋生态系统的重要因素。     

基于水位波动关联度的济南西部与济南泉群地下水关系研究

济南市以"泉城"闻名,近年来城市化进程的加快及地下水开采量的增大,对济南市区泉群喷涌产生了一定程度的影响。对2014～2017年济南西部玉符河下游的杜家庙、南八里、朱家庄等地及市区泉群的趵突泉、黑虎泉的岩溶水位波动规律进行分析,在地下水位波动幅度计算的基础上,利用灰色关联分析方法,从一个新的评价指标"水位波动关联度"的角度探寻济西与济南市区泉群地下水间的联系,为济南市保泉供水提供探索依据。以15d为地下水位均值计算周期,先计算全年的水位波动关联度,再将关联度的计算结果划分为:4～7月、8～11月和12月至次年3月三个时段,分别分析济西各岩溶井水位与泉水位的波动关联度。结果表明,12月至次年3月关联度的计算结果受外界干扰最小,这一时段济西与市区泉群水位波动关联度的均值为0.854,属高关联度,两者地下水位变化规律极其相似,两个地下水系统在统计学上存在着极强的联系。     

滨海城市地表水资源可利用量分析——以广西钦州市为例

以钦州市为例,根据1956～2016年月降雨、径流数据,采用双累积曲线(DMC)模型和蒸发差值法计算地表水资源量,采用剔除入海河流感潮河段水量及汛期河道内最小生态水量的改进扣损法和直接法综合分析地表水资源可利用量。结果表明:钦州市地表水资源量在106.573～111.216×10~8m~3范围内,地表水资源可利用量为38.444×10~8m~3,占比地表水资源总量的34.6%。钦州市水量相对丰富,但水资源可利用量并不富裕且时空分布不均。空间上,独流入海河流分区地表水资源可利用量最多,南流江分区次之,郁江干流分区最少;时间上,19条流域汛期水量高达81.949×10~8m~3,其中难以控制利用量为62.272×10~8m~3,有35.823×10~8m~3经入海河流直接外排入海;4.973×10~8m~3为感潮河段咸水难以利用;调水工程的规划与建设为改善河道环境、缓解供需矛盾方面起到积极作用。     

Systems of agriculture farming in the Uttranchal Himalaya,India

Agricultural practices are the main stay of the people of Uttranchal. Out of the total population,more than 75% people are engaged either with the main occupation of agriculture or its allied practices,dominated by traditional subsistence cereal farming.Among them, the main crops are rice, wheat, millet,barley, all types of pulses, all types of oilseeds and almost all types of fruits. The crops, vegetables and fruits of all varieties are grown in the different climatic zones such as tropical, temperate, and cold because, the region is characterized by the different altitudinal zones elevated from 200 m to more than 8000m. As a result, different climates are found from hot tropical to sub temperate and chilly cold. Pulses varieties are grown extensively. Among vegetables,potato, onion, carrot, all types of green leaf vegetables,brinzal, pumpkin, ladyfinger, pea, gram, radish,ginger, garlic, etc, are grown widely. All fruit varieties are grown in the different altitudinal zones. The mainfruits are orange, malta (a big size of orange),elephant citrus, lemon and all other types of citrus,apple, stone fruits including peach and pears, manykinds of nuts, and the fruits which are grown in the low lying areas. In spite of feasible climatic conditions,agricultural dominant society, and availability of all types of crops, the production and productivity of these crops are very low, even they are unable to meet the grain-need of the people in Uttaranchal. Agricultural crops are grown almost in all the altitudinal zones -- from the low-lying areas, which are called ‘Ga. ngarh‘, to the highly elevated region,where the legendary term is given as ‘Danda‘. The growing seasons vary according to the heights. The present paper aims to discuss the agricultural practices including cropping season, cropping pattern,land use, production of cropsagricultural system in thisand ecological aspect of Himalayan state and suggest some measures for developing farming system,which could lead the sustainability, in terms of meeting the food grain needs of the people on the one hand and restoring the ecological balance on the other.     

悬臂式支护结构设计中土层参数分算与合算的探讨

针对基坑支护设计中土层参数的选取问题,以悬臂桩支护结构为例,在基坑支护设计中土层参数分别采用分算与合算两种方法计算,结果表明：当各土层差异较大时,采用两种方法计算得出的最大弯矩和埋深相差较大;采用合算的结果较小,分算的结果较大.采用m法对分算与合算的设计计算结果进行悬臂桩的位移和转角的计算,其结果都能满足工程技术相关规范要求.但合算的计算结果更经济,更符合工程实际需要.     

福建滨海沙滩保护和利用的建议

据调查,福建沿海分布有143处主要滨海沙滩,其中已开发利用28处,可合理利用81处,需加强生态保护修复的有21处,被严重破坏已不适宜做海滩资源的有13处。本文在介绍福建滨海沙滩分布及其资源特点基础上,阐述了沿海各地海滩资源的保护与利用现状,分析了主要的资源环境问题及成因,提出了制度建设、资源管控、优化岸滩工程、污染治理、公众宣传、资金保障等有针对性的对策措施。     

新型载体与档案保护

随着新材料、新技术逐渐地应用于档案载体,以及计算机技术被应用于档案管理,这些新型载体与档案的保护问题也日益显露出它的重要性和紧迫性,文章阐述对档案库房科学管理以及如何所采取相应的措施进行保护。     

Wood retention at inclined racks: Effects on flow and local bedload processes

Large wood (LW) transport can increase greatly during floods, leading to accumulations at river infrastructures. To mitigate the potential flood hazard, racks are a common method to retain LW upstream of endangered settlements or infrastructures. The majority of LW retention racks consist of vertical bars and, therefore, disrupt bedload transport. It can be hypothesized that inclined racks reduce backwater rise and local scour, as wood will block the upper part of the rack, thereby increasing the open flow cross-section below the accumulation. Flume experiments were conducted under clear water conditions to analyse backwater rise and local scour as a function of (1) rack inclination, (2) hydraulic inflow condition, (3) uniform bed material, and (4) LW volume. In addition, the first experiments were performed under live bed scour conditions to study the effect of bedload transport on local scour and backwater rise. Based on the experiments, backwater rise and local scour decrease with decreasing rack angle to the horizontal. LW predominantly accumulated at the upper part of the rack, leading to an open flow cross-section below the accumulation. The effect of rack angle was included in existing design equations for backwater rise and local scour depth. In addition, the first experiments with bedload transport resulted in smaller backwater rise and local scour depth. This study contributes to an enhanced process understanding of wood retention and bedload transport at rack structures and an improved design of LW retention racks. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.