猕猴桃栽培的生态气候适应性研究

对贵州与新西兰主要猕猴桃种植地的生态气候条件进行了相似分析,得出贵州适宜猕猴桃生长发育的初步结论.通过试验和考察,分析了猕猴桃对生态环境的总体要求及主要生育期所需的农业气象指标.遵循农业气候相似理论,确定了分区依据和指标.并综合考虑猕猴桃栽培的生态气候适应性以及地形、地势、海拔等地理因素进行适当的调整,将贵州划分适宜区、次适宜区、不适宜区,并对各区的生态气候条件进行了评述.     

On the ecohydrology of the Yucatan Peninsula: Evapotranspiration and carbon intake dynamics across an eco‐climatic gradient

The hydrology and productivity of the ecosystems of the Yucatan Peninsula (YP) are highly constrained by two factors: (a) the lack of surface drainage networks due to the existence of a highly permeable and connected karstic aquifer roughly the size of the peninsula and (b) a climatic gradient that leads to a transition from seasonally dry deciduous and sub‐deciduous tropical forests, in the north‐western and central parts of the Peninsula, to evergreen forests, in the southern and eastern parts. As a result, surface water fluxes of the YP are restricted to evapotranspiration (ET) that are tightly coupled to ecosystems health and gross primary productivity (GPP). The magnitude and seasonal variation of these fluxes are sensitive to climatic variability and perturbations caused by extreme events such as droughts and tropical storms that are frequent in the YP. In this study, we assess the spatio‐temporal dynamics of ET and GPP above average dry and wet conditions through time series analyses of 15 years of remotely sensed data from both Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite products. Our results show that ET and GPP follow a regional moisture and temperature gradient that highly controls the distribution of ecosystems within the peninsula. We observe that ET and GPP are in phase with the rainy season in the deciduous forests, but for the evergreen forests, only the GPP is in phase. Additionally, and with the exception of droughts on deciduous ecosystems of the northern part of the YP, the productivity of these ecosystems shows a legacy effect, responding more to a defined trajectory (wetting or drying on the previous years), rather than to punctual extreme climatic events. This has implications on the resilience of these ecosystems to natural perturbations of climate. Comparisons between deciduous and evergreen forest indicate that both types of ecosystems have different plant water use strategies in response to hydrologic variability.     

我国西部地区生态地理区域系统与生态建设战略初步研究

生态地理区域系统是根据代表自然界的生物和非生物要素地理相关性的比较研究和综合分析,按照自然界的地域分异规律,划分或合并而形成不同等级的区域系统。其主要研究的对象是自然要素的空间格局,及其与自然资源的匹配。生态地理区域系统所体现的温度、水分等立地条件地域差异,是认识生态环境的宏观框架,可以也应该成为制定治理措施的基础,对植被的恢复和保护有重要的指导意义。我国西部在生态上受到西北地区的沙漠化和盐碱化,黄土高原、西南地区的土壤侵蚀,青藏高原的草场退化,西南地区的滑坡、泥石流等的胁迫。管理上也存在许多问题,如盲目的退耕还林,盲目强调植树造林等。因此,西部地区的生态建设在认识自然环境的基础上,解决管理上的问题,包括在指导思想上的误解,即“生态建设 =种树”,“退耕必定还林”;局面上避免开发的无序状态 ;工作措施上,则要防止“一刀切”的方式。本文综合西部地区的温带、水分、植被、土壤等因素,将西部地区生态地理区域系统划分 8个温度带,2 5个自然区。通过综合西部地区的环境胁迫特点,植被恢复和保护与自然环境和生态区域系统的关系,从西部地区的生态地理区域系统,合并构成西部地区的生态建设格局的 6个区域,并且提出各个区域生态建设的主要措施。     

Dynamic Parameters of Plant Communities Partially Reflect the Soil Quality Improvement in Eco‐Reclamation Area of an Opencast Coal Mine

The influence of soil physicochemical properties and the relationship between the plant community and edaphic factors have been studied through monitoring the community dynamic parameters and analyzing the soil properties from four plant plots at the Pingshuo opencast coal mine eco‐reclamation area. The results are obtained as follows: (1) the law of the quantity variation of total N and available K is affected by the different kinds of plant configuration mode. It is Robinia pseudoacacia + Pinus tabuliformis (SIV) > R. pseudoacacia (SV) > R. pseudoacacia + P. tabuliformis (SI) > R. pseudoacacia + Ulmus pumila + Ailanthus altissima (SIII). The quantity is close to or exceeds the level of the original geomorphology. The average content of available N has the following order: SIV > SI > SIII > SV; the average content of available P SV > SIII > SIV > SI, both are far below the level of the original geomorphology; pH SIV < SIII < SI < SV; bulk density SI < SIV < SV < SIII, moisture content SIV > SIII > SI > SV; in the soil layer of 20–40 cm, except the available P, other physicochemical factors are in accordance with the factors of the surface soil; (2) the population average density, height and diameter at breast height (DBH) have no obvious relevance with the average density of the stumpage; (3) the average density, height, and DBH of R. pseudoacacia are closely related to pH and the content of available N and available P and all the index can be fitted by the equation of linear regression of the edaphic factors mentioned above. The principal component analysis shows that the magnitude of the impacts of three kinds of edaphic factors on the R. pseudoacacia population has the following order: pH > available N > available P. The average density of U. pumila is closely related to the moisture content of the soil. This regression model can be used to direct the cultivation and propagation of R. pseudoacacia and U. pumila population at the mine eco‐reclamation area.     

Several problems about the eco-environmental research on the source regions of the Changjiang River and the Huanghe River

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Estimation of large wood budgets in a watershed and river corridor at interdecadal to interannual scales in a cold‐temperate fluvial system

Large wood (LW) is a ubiquitous feature in rivers of forested watersheds worldwide, and its importance for river diversity has been recognized for several decades. Although the role of LW in fluvial dynamics has been extensively documented, there is a need to better quantify the most significant components of LW budgets at the river scale. The purpose of our study was to quantify each component (input, accumulation, and output) of a LW budget at the reach and watershed scales for different time periods (i.e. a 50‐year period, decadal cycle, and interannual cycle). The LW budget was quantified by measuring the volumes of LW inputs, accumulations, and outputs within river sections that were finally evacuated from the watershed. The study site included three unusually large but natural wood rafts in the delta of the Saint‐Jean River (SJR; Québec, Canada) that have accumulated all LW exported from the watershed for the last 50 years. We observed an increase in fluvial dynamics since 2004, which led to larger LW recruitment and a greater LW volume trapped in the river corridor, suggesting that the system is not in equilibrium in terms of the wood budget but is rather recovering from previous human pressures as well as adjusting to hydroclimatic changes. The results reveal the large variability in the LW budget dynamics during the 50‐year period and allow us to examine the eco‐hydromorphological trajectory that highlights key variables (discharge, erosion rates, bar surface area, sinuosity, wood mobility, and wood retention). Knowledge on the dynamics of these variables improves our understanding of the historical and future trajectories of LW dynamics and fluvial dynamics in gravel‐bed rivers. Extreme events (flood and ice‐melt) significantly contribute to LW dynamics in the SJR river system. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Patch‐scale representation of vegetation within hydraulic models

Submerged aquatic vegetation affects flow, sediment and ecological processes within rivers. Quantifying these effects is key to effective river management. Despite a wealth of research into vegetated flows, the detailed flow characteristics around real plants in natural channels are still poorly understood. Here we present a new methodology for representing vegetation patches within computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models of vegetated channels. Vegetation is represented using a Mass Flux Scaling Algorithm (MFSA) and drag term within the Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes Equations, which account for the mass and momentum effects of the vegetation, respectively. The model is applied using three different grid resolutions (0.2, 0.1 and 0.05 m) using time‐averaged solution methods and compared to field data. The results show that the model reproduces the complex spatial flow heterogeneity within the channel and that increasing the resolution leads to enhanced model accuracy. Future applications of the model to the prediction of channel roughness, sedimentation and key eco‐hydraulic variables are presented, likely to be valuable for informing effective river management. © 2016 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

临城小天池森林生态旅游区空间结构拓扑分析

运用拓扑理论方法展示河北省临城县小天池森林生态旅游区交通现状和景点空间格局,对其结点功能与开发方向进行描述和分析,并提出合理开发与保护的建议。     

黄土丘陵区生态环境建设与农村经济发展问题探讨

在探讨黄土丘陵区生态环境建设与农业和农村经济发展定位问题的基础上 ,概括了农业和农村经济发展的前提、应遵循的基本原则和发展方向 ,提出了生态适宜型农村经济发展模式的总体构架、地域类型及产业基础建设标准 ,最后从生态环境效益、经济效益和可持续发展性等角度对模式进行了较为深入的评价和分析。