疏勒河流域中游生态环境变化及成因分析

近三十年来,疏勒河流域中游地区生态环境不断恶化,主要表现为绿色生产严重退化,湿地面积缩小,盐碱地,沙地迅速增加。通过不同时段的遥感解译,分析了不同生态景观的定量变化及成因。恶劣的地理环境加上人类活动对水资源利用量的不断增加是造成该区生态环境日趋恶化的主要因素。保护地下水平衡和合理用水结构,实行水资源优化管理,提高水的利用率是社会经济,环境可持续发展的有力保证。     

乌鲁木齐景观生态功能区划及生态调控研究

乌鲁木齐作为中国西部发展较快的特大城市，城市生态环境问题日趋明显。对城市生态环境的研究，有利于充分认识城市发展与环境保护这对矛盾的生态学实质，在对乌鲁木齐城市生态环境调查的基础上，总结了乌鲁木齐城市生态环境的特征，根据综合整体、地域分异、景观异质、功能结构、城市发展、环境容载等景观生态学和城市生态学原则，划分了乌鲁木齐城市区域景观生态功能区，包括城市建设及中心区，城市生态平衡与开发区和城市生态保护及后备区，据此，对乌鲁木齐城市生态调控提出了初步建议，包括环境控制工程，生物控制工程、景观生态建设和生态管理调控。     

吐乌大公路建设对生态环境的不良影响及对策

全长283.3km的吐乌大高等级公路跨越2个不同的气候区、4个地质地貌单元和8个结构、功能各异的生态区段。公路建设和运营对生态环境的影响主要表现在四个方面：植被的损坏，不同生态小区受损类型和程度不同；某些动物种群栖息地缩小，主要发生在鸟类的迁徙通道上；土壤理化性状的变化和风蚀；对原有人群的生产与生活的干扰，其中包括土地利用方式、畜牧业转场路线和生活、办公场所的搬迁等。在评价生态系统自然恢复难易程度的基础上，文章提出一些人为缓解和恢复对策。     

ON ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, UTILIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU, CHINA

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基于水资源生态足迹的浑河流域水资源利用评价

用水资源生态足迹模型计算浑河流域2005~2013年水资源生态足迹和水资源生态承载力,并基于各评价指标对浑河流域水资源利用情况进行评价。结果表明:2005~2013年浑河流域水资源生态足迹呈现不显著的下降趋势,水资源生态承载力呈现波动变化;流域一直处于水资源生态赤字状态,仅在2010年出现盈余;流域水资源生态足迹指数低于可持续发展足迹指数范围,但万元GDP水资源生态足迹持续下降。总体来看,流域水资源利用处于不可持续状态,但2010年后流域水资源利用效率明显提高,并向着可持续的方向发展。     

北海湾生态环境特征及其营养状况分析

根据1998年10月～1999年8月四个季度月对北海湾的调查资料，分析研究了该湾的生态环境特征及其营养水平。结果表明：该湾的基本环境参数(水温、盐度、pH、DO、SS)均有利于亚热带各种海洋生物的繁殖和生长；DIP具有低磷特征，但DIN在春夏季节显得过剩，秋冬季节显得紧缺；Chl-a含量居中，但COD在春夏秋季节均出现超标现象，尤以夏季为甚。NQI和A的分析结果显示，该湾的富营养水平及污染程度均以春季较为严重，夏季次之，秋冬季水质状况较好；南流江较大的迳流量及沿岸工业排废、生活排污是导致该湾富营养化形成及污染程度加重的主要原因，DIN和COD为主要贡献因子。     

Assessment of hydrodynamic simulation results for eco‐hydraulic and eco‐hydrological applications: a spatial semivariance approach

Output from a three‐dimensional numerical flow model (SSIIM) is used in conjunction with high‐resolution topographic and velocity data to assess such models for eco‐hydraulic applications in river channel design and habitat appraisal. A new methodology for the comparison between field measurement and model output is detailed. This involves a comparison between conventional goodness‐of‐fit approaches applied to a spatially structured (riffle and pool) sample of model and field data, and a ‘relaxation’ method based upon the spatial semivariance of model/field departures. Conventional assessment indicates that the model predicts point‐by‐point velocity characteristics on a 0·45 m mesh to within ±0·1 m s⁻¹ over 80% of the channel area at low flow, and 50% of the area at high in‐bank flow. When a relative criterion of model fit is used, however, the model appears to perform less well: 60–70% of channel area has predicted velocities that depart from observed velocities by more than 10%. Regression analysis of observed and predicted velocities gives more cause for optimism, but all of these conventional indicators of goodness of fit neglect important spatial characteristics of model performance. Spatial semivariance is a means of supplementing model appraisal in this respect. In particular, using the relaxation approach, results are greatly improved: at a high in‐bank flow, the model results match field measurements to within 0·1 m s⁻¹ for more than 95% of the total channel area, provided that model and field comparisons are allowed within a radius of approximately 1 m from the original point of measurement. It is suggested that this revised form of model assessment is of particular relevance to eco‐hydraulic applications, where some degree of spatial and temporal dynamism (or uncertainty) is a characteristic. The approach may also be generalized to other environmental science modelling applications where the spatial attributes of model fits are of interest. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simulation of spatiotemporal dynamics of water fluxes in Germany under climate change

In most of Europe, an increase in average annual surface temperature of 0·8 °C is observed, and a further increase is projected. Precipitation tends to increase in northern Europe and decrease in southern Europe, with variable trends in central Europe. The climate scenarios for Germany suggest an increase in precipitation in western Germany and a decrease in eastern Germany, and a shift of precipitation from summer to winter. When investigating the effects of climate change, impacts on water resources are among the main concerns. In this study, the first German‐wide impact assessment of water fluxes dynamics under climate change is presented in a spatially and temporally distributed manner using the state‐of‐the‐art regional climate model, Statistical Regional (STAR) model and the semi‐distributed process‐based eco‐hydrological model, soil and water integrated model (SWIM). All large river basins in Germany (lower Rhine, upper Danube, Elbe, Weser and Ems) are included. A special focus of the study was on data availability, homogeneity of data sets, related uncertainty propagation in the model results and scenario‐related uncertainty. After the model calibration and validation (efficiency from 0·6 to 0·9 in 80% of cases) the water flow components were simulated at the hydrotope level, and the spatial distributions were compared with those in the Hydrological Atlas of Germany. The actual evapotransipration is likely to increase in most parts of Germany, while total runoff generation may decrease in south and east regions. The results for the second scenario period 2051–2060 show that water discharge in all six rivers would be 8–30% lower in summer and autumn compared with the reference period, and the strongest decline is expected for the Saale, Danube and Neckar. Higher winter flow is expected in all of these rivers, and the increase is most significant for the Ems (about 18%). However, the uncertainty of impacts, especially in winter and for high water flows, remains high. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Landscape eco planning and design: concepts, a framework approach and case study

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山西离柳地区生态地球化学环境中氟与人群健康关系的研究

为了研究不同生态地球化学区内元素对人体健康的影响 ,在山西离柳地区西部 ,以氟为例 ,运用地下水化学热力学、化学动力学及统计分析 ,得出 :(1)地氟病患病率及病情轻重程度 ,与水 (土 )中F-总量 (F总)及活度 (aF- )、络合物活度 (aMF)及其饱和指数 (βMF)呈正相关关系 ,符合一般规律 ;(2 )氟的不同存在形态的致病作用是aF- >F总 ,aNaF0 >aCaF+>aMgF+,βNaF0 >βCaF+>βMgF+;(3)水循环交替条件及有关组分含量与病情轻重密切相关。研究结果为防治地氟病和地方性病症提供了定性、定量依据 ,也为同类研究提出了新的途径