珞珈一号夜间灯光数据的福建省人为热通量估算

夜间灯光数据是估算人为热通量（AHF）的重要数据,但当前应用最广的DMSP/OLS和Suomi-NPP/VIIRS夜间灯光数据由于受限于粗糙的空间分辨率,而无法刻画城市内部的AHF分布细节。中国2018年6月发射的Luojia 1-01卫星所获取的130 m高空间分辨率夜间灯光数据,则有望解决这一问题。因此本文利用Luojia 1-01夜间灯光数据,通过将统计年鉴中的能源统计数据细化至福建省84个县（市、区）,然后与3个夜间灯光指数（NTL_nor、HSI、VANUI）进行回归分析,分别构建了基于这3个指数的福建省AHF空间估算模型,并采用交叉验证法对其进行筛选。结果显示：（1）在3个指数中,基于VANUI的乘幂估算模型的R²最高,且RMSE最小,因此精度最高;（2）利用VANUI乘幂估算模型反演得到的2018年福建省年均AHF为0.88 W/m²,其中厦门市的年均AHF最高,达10.98 W/m²,泉州、莆田、福州、漳州等沿海城市次之,年均值在0.98—1.95 W/m²,而宁德、龙岩、三明、南平等城市的AHF则较低,均值在0.38—0.46 W/m²;（3）Luojia 1-01夜间灯光数据可以揭示城市内部的AHF分异细节。根据用地属性和功能的不同,AHF数值表现为：城市集中商业区>大型市政公共设施区>城市主干道>城市住宅区>近郊住宅区。研究表明,基于Luojia 1-01夜间灯光数据建立的AHF估算模型可以较好地揭示城市尺度AHF的空间分异情况。     

The history of environmental change and adaptation in eastern Saloum–Senegal—Driving forces and perceptions

Environmental change in the Sahel–Sudan zone of West Africa has been a major issue in development debates over the last decades. Using remote sensing based land cover change analysis, archival data, national and international statistical data, and household interviews, we analyze the drivers of environmental change in Eastern Saloum in Central East Senegal as well as the local perceptions of these changes and adaptation. Being part of the ground nut basin, Eastern Saloum has witnessed rapid environmental degradation caused by the conversion of forest and savanna areas to agricultural land during the last 20–30 years and by a combination of decline in precipitation, soil degradation, a diversity of policies with little concern for the environment, fluctuating markets and population pressure. Farmers perceive the environmental change mainly as land degradation and poor soil fertility, though recent extensification of agriculture counters this effect and has led to increased vegetation cover in marginal areas. They identified erratic climate, agricultural policies, insufficient food production and desire to increase income as the main drivers of change in the area. We conclude that while climate variability has influenced environmental change in the area, various types of State interventions in agriculture and global market fluctuations appear to have been the main underlying causes of environmental degradation.     

Sedimentary and drainage evolution of the Condamine Valley Transition Zone (eastern Australia)

The basal succession of the Condamine Valley, which overlays the boundary between the Surat and Clarence-Moreton basins (eastern Australia), contains a clay-rich horizon ‘the Transition Zone’ that marks a pronounced unconformity between the Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures and the Quaternary Condamine Alluvium. This paper provides insights into the tectonic and drainage evolution of the Condamine Valley through integrated analysis of U–Pb ages of detrital zircon from three samples (494 concordant analyses), stable oxygen isotope analysis on eight authigenic clay samples, X-ray fluorescence of primary and trace elements, and hyperspectral mineral analysis from two drill cores (Lone Pine 17 and Daandine 164). The Transition Zone is interpreted to consist of both weathered Jurassic sediments and Cenozoic clay deposits. Two sequential cycles of erosion, deposition and pedogenesis, related to geomorphological and climatic conditions are recognised. Distinctive oxygen isotope signatures of the two weathering fronts demonstrated an initial Early Cretaceous phase (δ¹⁸O?=?11.9–15.7‰ VSMOW) associated with laterisation and possible uplift, followed by Paleogene (δ¹⁸O?=?16.4–17.3‰ VSMOW) silcretisation of reworked Jurassic sediments. Detrital zircon geochronology yielded Jurassic maximum constraints for the age of deposition of three samples that are indistinguishable within error, the oldest of which (163?±?8?Ma from the lateritic profile) corresponds to the age of the underlying Walloon Coal Measures. The two overlaying samples from a silcrete profile and granular alluvium yielded overlapping yet younger ages of 150?±?6?Ma and 156?±?9?Ma, respectively. Vitrinite reflectance used as a proxy for the thermal condition of the coal strata enabled an estimated 2–3?km of burial and subsequent (likely Early Cretaceous) uplift. Geochemical insights from the Condamine Valley correspond to broad-scale climatic and tectonic conditions, suggesting that ‘transition zone equivalents’ and corresponding groundwater dynamics may occur in similar sedimentary settings throughout eastern Australia.     

Saving and conserving the caves: reflections on 37 years of listings,disputes, submissions and court cases

In order of impact, the main anthropogenic threats to caves in eastern Australia are and have been for the European history of Australia: mining, inundation, vandalism, wear and tear, lampenflora, lint and dust, scientists and poorly informed decisions. Destruction of caves by natural processes is not a focus of this paper as it occurs over a geological time scale and there are few historical accounts of natural catastrophic cave failure. Saving and protecting caves are difficult due to the reliance and insistence on conservation by secrecy used by cavers and the organisations that represent them. Other issues that inhibit cave conservation are: limited public exposure, perceptions of land managers and farmers about caves, a shortage of research-based information on caves and difficulties with establishing the significance of a cave. Cave monitoring and the education of managers and cave guides are known to enhance the conservation of show caves. Actions that would help to save and conserve caves throughout Australia include: changes to planning legislation, establishment of a cave conservation organisation, introduction of specific cave protection legislation and the establishment of a Research Centre for Caves, Karst and Geoheritage.     

辽东桓仁西部古元古代侵入岩年代学及岩石地球化学

华北克拉通东部辽东地区出露古元古代侵入岩,为准确认识辽东地区古元古代构造演化过程,选取北沟岩体、正岔岩体和树柳林子岩体的岩相学、岩石地球化学及年代学特征,探讨了岩体的形成时代、岩石成因及其构造环境。锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年代学研究表明,柳林子岩体年龄为(2 490±8) Ma,北沟岩体年龄为(2 457±11) Ma。北沟岩体高硅富钾,富集Rb、U、Th、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ti、P等高场强元素,为过铝质高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩,Nb/Ta平均值5. 75,Rb/Nb平均值4. 21,源于太古宙古老地壳的部分熔融;正岔岩体高硅富钾,富集Rb、Ba、U、Th、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ti、P等高场强元素,为弱过铝质高钾钙碱性A型花岗岩,Nb/Ta平均值16. 06,Rb/Nb平均值4. 81,源区可能由幔源岩浆底侵带来的热量加热地壳,导致其重熔并与之混合后形成的。柳林子岩体为变质角闪辉长岩,呈亚碱性,富集Rb、Ba、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ti、P等高场强元素,显示其岩浆可能形成于受陆壳微弱混染的软流圈地幔或岩石圈地幔。认为研究区古元古代侵入岩形成于东、西陆块碰撞拼合后的后造山挤压向板内伸展转换的构造环境,为构造体质转换的产物。     

准噶尔盆地南缘东段构造解析和构造解释模型建立

准噶尔盆地南缘山前带油气地质条件良好,但构造变形强烈、地震资料品质差且构造解释多解性强。通过南缘东段野外露头典型构造解析、“地质戴帽”、室内构造物理模拟实验、电法勘探中建场测深线的深度—电阻率反演剖面和地震资料解释,结合钻探结果,构建了南缘东段山前复杂带的构造—地层格架和叠瓦状冲断、多层次逆冲推覆的构造模型,探讨了山前复杂构造区低成像品质地震资料的构造解释模型建立的方法;明确逆冲断裂下盘的掩伏构造是下步勘探首选的目标类型。为南缘山前复杂构造带构造解释提供构造样式和断裂类型的参考,进一步为盆地南缘山前带的油气勘探和井位部署提供依据。该构造模型建立的方法在南缘西段山前复杂构造区的勘探目标评价中取得了良好的应用效果。     

辽东王家堡子地区古元古代花岗岩地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素及其地质意义

辽东王家堡子地区出露大量古元古代花岗质岩石,前人将其统称为花岗质混杂岩。通过详细的野外地质调查和室内综合研究,将该套花岗质混杂岩解体为条痕状黑云母二长花岗岩和片麻状黑云母二长花岗岩两类。岩石地球化学分析结果显示二者具有一致的地球化学特征。均显示高SiO_2、富K_2O、贫Al_2O_3的特征,K_2O/Na_2O=0.64～2.14,TiO_2含量为0.16%～0.3%,MnO、MgO、CaO和P_2O_5的含量较低,铝指数A/CNK集中分布在1.06～1.1之间,A/NK在1.50～1.62之间,均属于过铝质高钾钙碱性系列;微量元素显示强烈亏损Nb、Ti、Ta等高场强元素,富集Rb、U、K等大离子亲石元素,具有明显的负Eu异常,具有A型花岗岩的特征。条痕状黑云母二长花岗岩大部分锆石为具有清晰振荡环带的岩浆锆石,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为2188±13Ma,代表该岩石的岩浆结晶年龄。片麻状黑云母二长花岗岩大部分锆石具有明显的变质增生边,部分核部锆石具有清晰的振荡环带,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年获得核部年龄为2214±16Ma,代表该岩石的岩浆结晶年龄;增生边年龄为1905±13Ma,应代表该岩石的变质年龄。条痕状黑云母二长花岗岩和片麻状黑云母二长花岗岩的Hf同位素模式年龄分别为2387～2584Ma和2474～2641Ma,平均地壳模式年龄分别为2495～2808Ma和2633～2868Ma,大于岩石形成年龄,暗示研究区古元古代花岗岩源区主要为太古宙基底,混有少量古元古代新生地壳。结合前人报道的埃达克质花岗闪长岩的形成环境,认为胶-辽-吉古元古代造山/活动带早期经历了2.2～2.15Ga的拉伸裂解过程和2.0Ga左右俯冲挤压的构造演化过程。     

东天山觉罗塔格带东段早志留世中酸性侵入岩的年代学、地球化学及构造意义

为了确定东天山觉罗塔格带东段玉海地区中酸性侵入岩的形成时代、源区性质及其构造属性,本文对该区中酸性侵入岩进行了系统的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、全岩地球化学以及Sr-Nd同位素分析。2个样品中的锆石在CL图像上具明显振荡环带,Th/U值为0.28～0.59,指示其岩浆成因。对岩浆锆石定年结果表明,它们主要形成于早志留世(433.2～431.2Ma),代表了寄主岩石的形成时代。样品w(SiO_2)=57.88%～69.01%,w(Na_2O)=3.46%～5.07%,w(K_2O)=0.50%～1.65%,Na_2O/K_2O=4.26～6.79,Mg#=45.1～52.3,A/CNK=0.89～1.00;稀土配分模式呈右倾型,LREE/HREE=5.55～11.47,(La/Yb)N=4.18～13.54,δEu=0.82～1.25;在微量元素蛛网图上表现为大离子亲石元素(Ba、U、K、Sr等)相对富集和高场强元素(Th、Ti、Nb、Ta)相对亏损;全岩εNd(t)值介于6.1～7.0之间。研究表明,早志留世中酸性侵入岩的岩浆源区主要为年轻地壳物质,结合火成岩的组合特征、岩浆作用性质以及区域构造演化历史,认为早志留世中酸性侵入岩形成于康古尔洋板片向北(吐—哈地块)俯冲的活动大陆边缘环境,从而将康古尔大洋板片北向俯冲的时限追溯至早志留世。     

物化探综合信息找矿方法在萤石矿找矿中的应用

福建光泽地区是闽北地区重要的萤石矿成矿远景区,具有寻找隐伏—半隐伏萤石矿的潜力,但是目前该区隐伏—半隐伏萤石矿找矿成果较少。通过对福建光泽地区I号萤石矿预测区开展物化探综合信息找矿方法应用,探讨物化探综合信息找矿方法在隐伏—半隐伏萤石矿找矿中的应用效果。结果表明: 区域水系沉积物测量和大比例尺化探剖面测量圈出的F、Ca等综合异常信息可协助筛选、确定萤石矿找矿目标区; 将高精度磁法测量与视电阻率联合剖面测量相结合,可进一步判断萤石矿控矿构造的位置和规模; 高密度电阻率法测量可协助确定控矿构造的深部延伸情况。地表检查和深部钻探验证表明: 区域化探、高精度磁法测量、视电阻率联合剖面测量和高密度电阻率法测量等物化探综合信息找矿方法组合,可指导隐伏—半隐伏萤石矿的找矿工作。     

Exploring the stemflow dynamics and driving factors at both inter- and intra-event scales in a typical subtropical deciduous forest

Numerous efforts have been made to understand stemflow dynamics under different types of vegetation at the inter-event scale, but few studies have explored the stemflow characteristics and corresponding influencing factors at the intra-event scale. An in-depth investigation of the inter- and intra-event dynamics of stemflow is important for understanding the ecohydrological processes in forest ecosystems. In this study, stemflow volume (F_V), stemflow funnelling ratio (F_R), and stemflow ratio (F_%) from Quercus acutissima and Broussonetia papyrifera trees were measured at both inter- and intra-event scales in a subtropical deciduous forest, and the driving factors, including tree species and meteorological factors were further explored. Specifically, the F_V, F_R and F_% of Q. acutissima (52.3 L, 47.2, 9.6%) were lower than those of B. papyrifera (85.1 L, 91.2, 12.4%). The effect of tree species on F_V and F_% was more obvious under low intensity rainfall types. At the inter-event scale, F_V had a strong positive linear correlation with rainfall amount (G_P) and event duration (D_E) for both tree species, whereas F_R and F_% had a positive logarithmic correlation with G_P and D_E only under high-intensity, short-duration rainfall type. F_R and F_% were mainly affected by wind speed and the maximum 30-min rainfall intensity under low-intensity, long-duration rainfall type. At the intra-event scale, for both tree species, the mean lag time between the start of rainfall and stemflow was the shortest under high-intensity, short-duration rainfall type, while the mean duration and amount of stemflow after rain cessation were the greatest under high-amount, long-duration rainfall type. The relationship between stemflow intensity and rainfall intensity at the 5-min interval scale also depended greatly on rainfall type. These findings can help clarify stemflow dynamics and driving factors at both inter- and intra-event scales, and also provide abundant data and parameters for ecohydrological simulations in subtropical forests.