陕北黄土高原窑洞文化与旅游开发探讨

窑洞不仅是一种具有独特风格的建筑形式,更是一种孕育了黄土高原浓重的民俗民情、体现了人地和谐发展观的文化形式;窑洞文化是黄土文化的重要组成部分,也是需要深度开发的重要人文旅游资源。文章结合陕北旅游发展实际,全面分析了旅游开发面临的机遇和问题,进一步提出了陕西作为旅游资源大省应当抓住陕北红色旅游热这个发展契机,采取依托延安、深挖窑洞文化内涵、将窑洞旅游与其它旅游项目捆绑推出等策略和建议,使窑洞文化旅游成为发展陕北旅游的新亮点。     

Late Neolithic vegetation history at the pile‐dwelling site of Palù di Livenza (northeastern Italy

The Late Neolithic pile‐dwelling of Palù di Livenza yielded archaeological remains typical of the Square Mouth Pottery and Lagozza Cultures. A palynological investigation reveals important changes in the vegetation due to anthropogenic pressure. Between ca. 6590 and 5960 cal. yr BP, dense oak wood forests with deciduous Quercus, Fagus and Corylus extended around the mire, with no signs of human impact. The establishment of the pile‐dwelling, dated to ca. 5960 cal. yr BP, led to a strong reduction of forests, reclamation of wetlands, and expansion of herbaceous communities, with cultivated species, infestant weeds, nitrophilous and ruderal herbs, pastures and meadows. According to AMS dates and previous archaeological chronologies, the pile‐dwelling persisted for about 700 years (from ca. 5960 to 5260 cal. yr BP). The history of the pile‐dwelling after ca. 5260 cal. yr BP cannot be reconstructed because of recent contamination of the top part of the section. Rarefaction analysis was applied to estimate changes of palynological richness through time: the highest E(T_n) (between 56 and 69 taxa) are contemporaneous with the local development of the pile‐dwelling. The comparison of pollen data with archaeobotanical evidence indicates that Fragaria vesca, Malus sylvestris, Papaver somniferum and Physalis alkekengi were gathered at some distance from the site and that Linum usitatissimum is strongly under‐represented in pollen samples. Crop cultivation can be estimated for a radius of several hundred metres around the mire. Palù di Livenza is significant in the context of Neolithic archaeobotany of northern Italy and neighbouring countries. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Diel feeding periodicity of torrentfish (Cheimarrichthys fosteri) in two braided rivers of Canterbury,New Zealand

Torrentfish Cheimarrichthys fosteri Haast were collected at 4‐hour intervals over a full day in winter and summer, 1984–85, from the Ashley and Rakaia Rivers in Canterbury, New Zealand, to determine their diel feeding periodicity. Both populations fed, almost exclusively, from dusk to dawn in both seasons, with the quantity of food in their stomachs accumulating to peak levels by early morning. However, Ashley females had significantly less food in their stomachs than did males in summer, the season with a high incidence (91%) of females in spawning condition. Aquatic stages of Deleatidium spp. (Ephemeroptera: Leptophle‐biidae) and Chironomidae constituted from 85 to 98% by number and 63 to 80% by dry weight of all foods eaten. Chironomids (small prey) comprised up to 85% of the total foods eaten by number but only 17% by dry weight, while Deleatidium (large prey) comprised up to 69% of the prey by number and 63% by dry weight. Numerically, chironomids were an important component in the torrentfish diet in both seasons in the Rakaia (71 to 75%), but only so in winter in the Ashley (85%). The reported daily feeding cycle is consistent with observations in a simulated stream, that torrentfish largely remain inactive during the day and come out to feed at night.     

Intertidal biogenic reefs built by the polychaete Boccardia proboscidea in sewage‐impacted areas of Argentina,SW Atlantic

The rocky intertidal zone around the city of Mar del Plata (SW Atlantic, 38° S–57° W) is characterized by dense mussel beds of Brachidontes rodriguezii. This intertidal community develops on natural and artificial hard substrates, including abrasion platforms in sewage‐impacted areas. A monitoring program, designed to assess the effect of sewage discharge on intertidal macrobenthic communities, has been conducted since 1997. During the spring season of 2008, a new spionid polychaete (Boccardia proboscidea) was found near the sewage outfall, forming large biogenic reefs. This is the first report of biogenic reefs being built by a non reef‐forming spionid polychaete in areas organically impacted by sewage discharges. The aim of this work was to evaluate the spatial–temporal dynamics (% cover and density of B. proboscidea) of these reefs. These biogenic reefs covered almost the entire impacted site, reaching a density of 650,000 ind·m^?2. This phenomenon is unique in that there is no other record available worldwide of any other biogenic polychaete reefs that could be sewage‐induced. The presence and stability of these biogenic reefs is discussed in relation to increased organic contamination as a structuring factor.     

Second homes, community and a hierarchy of dwelling

The word 'dwelling', to dwell, supposes engagement, in the sense that those who dwell are seen to engage with others and, in doing so, contribute to social capital and cohesion expressed in the forming of 'community'. Second home buying may be viewed as a course of action severing the process–product link between dwelling and community, as a brake on the community building process. In this paper, I contrast the view of dwelling as process – and its coupling with the 'traditional' place–community – with alternative notions of dwelling, and argue that the prevailing view is largely concerned with public and collective dwelling (and 'productive interaction'), and underplays the importance of private dwelling, and hence the self-identity and orientation – key aspects of dwelling – that flow from the use of private property, including the use of second homes.     

西藏农牧区民居工程特征分析

根据西藏地理、气候特征,结合农牧民生产、生活习俗,分析了农牧区民居的结构类型、抗震能力及存在的问题,提出了相应的措施。     

基于震害资料的西藏地区典型民居易损性分析

我国的地震大多发生在农村地区,当地民居的抗震能力是评估地震灾害风险、确定地震保险方案的主要因素。本文基于近2000年以来西藏地区发生破坏性地震灾害的调查结果,总结了西藏地区土木结构和石木结构等民居的主要震害特点。在实际震例中,西藏民居的震害主要以Ⅵ度和Ⅶ度的数据为主,缺少Ⅷ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ度的震害数据。本文采用经验震害矩阵推演方法,得出石木结构和土木结构震害矩阵和震害指数,并与未设防砖混结构标准震害矩阵和设防砖混结构震害矩阵震害指数进行对比,最终得到西藏地区主要民居震害指数与峰值加速度关系曲线。与未设防砖混结构相比,西藏地区石木结构和土木结构抗震能力较弱,其中土木结构抗震能力最弱。     

陕北黄土丘陵区威胁窑洞民居的地质灾害问题—以陕西延安地区为例

窑洞是陕北黄土丘陵区民居的一种主要形式。在介绍区内窑洞的类型、分布的基础上,阐述了滑坡、崩塌、塌窑、窑洞透水等主要窑洞民居地质灾害的发育特征。从沟谷发育期、斜坡结构类型、地形特征等方面分析了窑洞灾害形成的主要原因,认为黄土的工程地质特性是灾害发育的物质基础,人类工程活动和降雨是灾害形成的主要诱发因素。最后从窑洞的选址、斜坡的设计、窑洞的防水等几个方面提出了灾害的防治措施。     

青海省农居地震灾害易损性研究

青海省靠近我国南北地震带,是一个地震频发的省份,而农居相对于城市建筑的抗震性能而言较为薄弱,也是造成地震损失的重要因素。本文通过对青海省的地理状况、历史震灾情况、农居建筑结构等进行研究,总结出青海省各结构类型农居震灾破坏率,评估乡级空间尺度的农居震灾易损性并分级,最后简单分析造成易损性较高的因素并提出建议。     

AUSTRALIAN BACKYARD GARDENS AND THE JOURNEY OF MIGRATION*

ABSTRACT. Gardens have been an important site of environmental engagement in Australia since the British colonization. They are places where immigrant people and plants have carried on traditions from their homelands and have worked out an accommodation with new social and biophysical environments. We examined the backyard gardens of three contemporary migrant groups—Macedonian, Vietnamese, and British born—in suburban Australia and a group of first‐generation Australians with both parents born overseas. In Macedonian backyards, emphasis was strong on the production of vegetables; in Vietnamese backyards, on herbs and fruit. British backyards were more diverse, some focusing on non‐native ornamental flowers and others favoring native plants. The cohesiveness of the respective groups was partly an artifact of our sampling strategy. The Macedonian and Vietnamese migrants shared an affinity for productive, humanized landscapes that reflected their rural, subsistence backgrounds and crossed over into their attitudes toward the broader environment and national parks. The rural and village backgrounds help explain why intensive backyard food production has broken down among the next generation in (sub)urban Australia, becoming part of heritage rather than everyday practice.