Induced biological soil crust controls on wind erodibility and dust (PM10) emissions

Inducing biological soil crust (biocrust) development is an appealing approach for dust mitigation in drylands due to the resistance biocrusts can provide against erosion. Using a portable device, we evaluated dust emissions from surfaces either inoculated with biocrust, amended with a plant-based soil stabilizer, or both at varying wind friction velocities. Four months after application, emissions from all treatments were either indistinguishable from or greater than controls, despite evidence of biocrust establishment. All treatments had greater surface roughness and showed more evidence of entrapment of windblown sediment than controls, factors which may have been partially responsible for elevated emissions. There was a synergistic effect of inoculation and stabilizer addition, resulting in a nearly two-fold reduction in estimated emissions compared to either treatment alone. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that variables associated with surface crust strength (aggregate stability, penetration resistance) were negatively associated with emissions and variables associated with sediment supply (sand content, loose sediment cover) were positively associated with emissions. With more time to develop, the soil-trapping activity and surface integrity of biocrust inoculum and soil stabilizer mixtures is expected to increase with the accumulation of surface biomass and enhancement of roughness through freeze–thaw cycles. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

塔里木盆地白垩纪宇宙尘的发现及其意义

塔里木盆地白垩纪灰褐色含油砂岩中发现的宇宙尘为硅质宇宙尘，该宇宙尘粘附于伊／蒙混层粘土矿物表面，近于理想球体，直径为６ｕｍ，具镶嵌结构。这一发现在我国白垩系尚属首次。在化学成份上该宇宙尘与已报导的宇宙尘相似，对已发现的宇宙尘氧化物成份的研究表明，地球物质中ＴｉＯ２／ＳｉＯ２，ＴｉＯ２／ＦｅＯ，ＦｅＯ／ＳｉＯ２分别为０．０１，０．１７，０．１。     

哈尔滨尘暴天气沉降物的物质组成及其对物源的限制

本文对哈尔滨尘暴事件（2011年5月11日）的干沉降和湿沉降粉尘进行了粒度、REE和Sr-Nd同位素组成分析。同时,为了限制尘暴粉尘的源区,还对东北沙地（科尔沁沙地和呼伦贝尔沙地）进行了表土采样。结果显示,干沉降粉尘呈双峰态粒度分布,众数值分别为3.6 μm和28 μm,而湿沉降呈单峰态粒度分布,众数值为6 μm。哈尔滨尘暴事件粉尘的粒度分布模式可与黄土高原黄土、红黏土及世界上其他地区的长距离搬运粉尘相对比。这些尘暴粉尘来自遥远的源区。干沉降和湿沉降粉尘表现出相同的REE模式和Sr-Nd同位素组成,它们来自科尔沁沙地和浑善达克沙地。现代尘暴事件的干沉降与湿沉降粉尘相同的物质来源暗示了黄土高原黄土的细颗粒和粗颗粒组分有相同的风尘源区。     

Field investigation of surface sand and dust movement over different sandy grasslands in the Otindag Sandy Land,China

The characteristics of sand and dust movement over different sandy grasslands in China’s Otindag Sandy Land were explored based on field observations and laboratory analyses. Threshold wind speeds (the speed required to initiate sand movement) at a height of 2 m above the ground were estimated in the field for different surface types. Threshold wind speed above shifting dunes in the study area is about 4.6 m s⁻¹ at this height. This value was smaller than values observed above other surfaces, resulting in a greater risk of blowing sand above these dunes. Differences in sand transport rates (STR) as a function of the severity of desertification resulted primarily from differences in surface vegetation cover and secondarily from the soil’s grain-size distribution. STR increased exponentially with increasing near-bed wind velocity. Under the same wind conditions, STR increased with increasing severity of desertification: from 0.08 g cm⁻² min⁻¹ above semi-fixed dunes to 8 g cm⁻² min⁻¹ above semi-shifting dunes and 25 g cm⁻² min⁻¹ above shifting dunes. Vegetation’s affect on STR was clearly large. Different components of sand and dust were trapped over different lands: mostly sand grains but little dust were trapped above shifting dunes, but much dust was collected over semi-shifting and semi-fixed dunes. Human disturbance is likely to produce dust even from fixed dunes as a result of trampling by animals and vehicle travel. In addition, spring rainfall decreased the risk of sand and dust movement by accelerating germination of plants and the formation of a soil crust.     

Comparisons between marine productivity and terrestrial input records in the Gulf of California over the last 28 ka

We study the marine and terrestrial contributions in the Gulf of California (GC) to understand the relationship between continental climate and oceanographic variability over the last 28 ka. In Core AII125-8-JPC-20, we examine aeolian and riverine inputs as nutrients for biological productivity. We use biogenic silica (%opal), total organic carbon (%TOC) and calcium carbonate (%CaCO₃) as proxies for primary productivity, and lithic fraction distributions as proxies for terrigenous transport. At the core site, biogenic and lithic components are in phase at millennial-scale in response to regional climate conditions. During the Late Pleistocene, the GC shelf area was above sea level and the western margin showed transient episodes of increased fluvial inputs. Episodic increases in %opal and reduced %TOC suggest upwelling events but ineffective C-export to the sediment. During stadial events (Heinrich 2, Heinrich 1, Younger Dryas), regional declines in %opal, but increases in %CaCO₃ and TOC, suggest efficient C-export by carbonate organisms. During most of the Holocene, dust inputs are higher. Episodic increases in %TOC suggest higher C-accumulation, although this is not controlled by siliceous or calcareous organisms. In the GC, besides upwelling and current advection, nutrient inputs driven by terrestrial climate have an impact on the biological C-pump. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京及其北部地区大气自然降尘矿物组成特征

为研究北京地区大气自然降尘的矿物组成特征及其时空变化规律,采用XRD分析了不同季节收集的大气降尘样品。结果表明,大气降尘主要矿物为石英,平均含量为83.19%,长石以斜长石为主;降尘中的碳酸盐类矿物主要是方解石和白云石,它们在降尘中的含量接近其在北方黄土中的含量;降尘中粘土矿物的含量较少,为1.64%~5.88%,其中有较多的高岭石,反映了研究区半湿润、较温暖的环境。聚类分析表明本区降尘按矿物组成特征可分为城市和郊区两组。与大风天气少的月份相比,大风天气频繁的月份降尘中的长石等矿物含量相对较高,而粘土矿物含量相对较低。     

潜孔锤反循环钻进技术在某水电站的试验应用

水利工程中的钻孔工程具有特殊的工况,采用正循环潜孔锤钻进方法在狭窄封闭的洞室内进行钻孔施工,粉尘污染严重,施工环境恶劣,影响作业工人的身体健康。为了解决施工洞室内的粉尘污染问题,在某水电站的排水孔施工中,首次应用了潜孔锤反循环钻进技术,并在上仰孔和下行孔施工试验中获得成功,有效控制和降低了洞室内的粉尘问题,有利于维护良好的施工环境。设计的A、B两种结构类型钻头主要差别是内喷孔的位置不同,A型钻头的内喷孔设计在花键上的各个平键之间,B型钻头的内喷孔则设计在花键的平键上。CFD数值模拟计算结果显示,A型钻头对环空抽吸的空气量是0.199 987 04 kg/s,略大于B型钻头的0.177 524 64 kg/s,说明A型钻头的抽吸能力优于B型钻头。上仰孔和下行孔的钻进试验结果表明,内喷孔设计在花键上的各个平键之间且具有双排12个内喷孔的A型钻头结构更为合理,在施工中A型钻头比B型钻头的孔口粉尘少。从反循环排渣效果看,A型钻头破碎的大部分岩粉和大颗粒岩块从中心通道排出,反循环排渣效果优于B型钻头。     

Mass and Energy Transportation in Ore-Forming Processes of Sulfide Deposits in Tongling District

Therewassomeabnormalthermaldistrictsduetomag-maticintrusionintotheearthcrust.Thisleadedtocircularf1owoffluidsinornearmagmalocation.Theeventofmagmaintrusioneffectstohydrothermalore-formingprocessesin-cluding(1)thefluidsandore-formingmaterialsfrommagma,(2)thethermalenergyfrommagma.Thethermalenergyre-sultsincircularflowoffluidsinporespaceofwallrockorincrystallizedplutonornearwallrock(r5Okmfromthecenterofpluton)(NortonandCathles1979).Materialandenergyaretwobasicfactorsforhydrohermalore-formingpr…