我国沙尘暴与赤潮的相关性研究

总结了近十几年来我国北方沙尘暴和近海赤潮的危害和发生趋势 ,并对两者间的相关性做了初步分析。结果显示 :我国东海和南海赤潮的发生受沙尘暴的影响很小 ,而黄海和渤海赤潮的发生与北方的沙尘暴有一定的相关性。要正确估价沙尘暴对海洋生态系 (包括赤潮 )的影响 ,必须对沙尘暴的迁移规律、入海通量以及沙尘暴粒子在海洋中的物化反应做详细的调查和研究。     

中国北方2021年3月中旬持续性沙尘天气的特征及其成因

沙尘天气是多发于中国北方春季的灾害性天气,严重危害农业生产、交通运输、空气质量和人民的生命财产安全,长期受到社会各界的广泛关注。利用多源多尺度数据,采用天气学分析、物理量诊断、轨迹分析等方法对2021年3月中旬西北地区东部一次持续性沙尘重污染天气的成因进行了深入分析。结果表明：（1）受强烈发展的蒙古气旋影响,蒙古国南部及中国内蒙古中西部地区于3月14日首先出现强沙尘暴天气,并将沙尘传输至中国西北、华北、东北一带,西北东部的沙尘天气维持达到5 d。（2）沙尘天气维持期,西北东部中低层以弱上升运动为主,大气层结稳定,且西北东部不断有弱锋生发展,不利于沙尘的沉降;自北向南分布的银川、中卫、兰州3站的垂直螺旋度的波动与污染浓度的变化基本一致;混合层高度较其气候平均值明显偏低,不利于大气湍流发展。（3）此次影响西北东部的沙尘主要由蒙古国输入,近20年中蒙边境、蒙古国南部的植被减少可能是此次沙尘天气的沙源主要来自蒙古国南部的原因。     

Characterization of contemporary aeolian dust deposition on mountain glaciers of western China

From 2008 to 2010,a total of 15 snow pit samples were collected from 13 mountain glaciers in western China.In this study these samples are used to determine the spatial distribution of insoluble particle concentrations and dust deposition fluxes in western China.The results show that the mass concentrations of insoluble particles exhibit high spatial variation and strongly decrease(by a factor of approximately 50) from the north(Tienshan Mountains) to the south(Himalayas).However,the insoluble particles concentrations at the southeastern Tibetan Plateau(TP) sites are also high and approximately 30 times greater than those in the Himalayas.The spatial distribution of the dust flux is similar to that of the mass concentrations;however,the high dust deposition rate in the southeastern TP is very significant as a result of the extensive snow accumulation(precipitation) in this region.The average sizes of the insoluble particles at each site generally exhibit bimodal distributions with peaks at approximately 5 μm and 10 μm,which can be explained as resulting from dust emissions from regional and local sources,respectively.The enrichment factors for most of the elements measured in insoluble particles are less than 10 at all of the study sites,indicating primarily crustal sources.However,the sites located in the peripheral mountains of western China,such as the Tienshan Mountains and the Himalayas,are characterized by high levels of certain enrichment elements(e.g.,Cu,Zn,Cr,and V) indicative of sources related to the long-range transport of pollutants.     

中国沿海港口煤炭运输的空间分异格局及演化

煤炭是支撑和保障国家经济发展和社会进步的战略性资源,煤炭运输一直是中国综合运输体系的重要组成部分,而港口是煤炭运输网络中的关键集散中转节点。本文以中国沿海港口为研究对象,以1973-2013年为时间尺度,刻画沿海港口煤炭运输的空间分异格局及演化,重点分析港口煤炭下水与接卸的空间格局演变,归纳总结主要特征和发展规律;然后,采用数理模型和指标,评价港口煤炭下水与接卸的空间集聚水平及变化;最后分析港口煤炭运输的专业化职能及空间分异格局,揭示煤炭下水港和接卸港的空间关系及演变规律。研究发现,中国沿海港口的煤炭运输格局由“南进北出”模式演变为“全进北出”模式,但接卸职能突出的港口仍然集中在长江以南地区,煤炭下水港集中于渤海西岸,而环渤海地区的丹东、大连、烟台、青岛等港口由传统的煤炭下水港演变为接卸港。本研究有助于丰富交通地理和能源地理的理论研究,并为中国沿海港口煤炭运输体系的布局优化提供指导。     

基于熵权-TOPSIS的山区乡镇通达性研究——以重庆市石柱县为例

交通是支撑区域经济社会发展的基础之一,通达性则是反映交通设施水平的有效评价指标。本文以重庆市石柱县为例,选取空间数据和调研数据,引入熵权-TOPSIS模型构建集内外通达性和摩擦阻抗于一体的指标体系,客观分析山区乡镇的通达性,以期为交通合理规划提供参考。结果表明：①通达性指标对区域综合通达性影响程度为：交通设施技术(C₄)>摩擦阻抗(C₅)>等效道路密度(C₂)>乡镇内部连通度(C₁)>与省干道衔接度(C₃)。②贴近度变异系数达0.5410,说明样区交通通达性水平空间差异大。③通达性空间格局表现出以南宾、西沱、悦崃为极核点向外围扩散递减趋势;通达性空间分布表现为西高东低,高通达区主要分布在平缓区,低通达区主要分布在陡峭山区。④通达性良好区域呈“一环一轴”模式分布,呈显著主干道指向性。⑤样区乡镇通达性空间分布格局与经济发展水平和土地流转面积有较高趋同性。研究结果能为区域协调发展、交通合理规划提供良好的理论与实践指导。     

直接评价法在油气集输管道内腐蚀评价中的应用

文章以某油田集输管道内腐蚀评价为例,说明了直接评价法能有效识别油气集输管道内腐蚀,而且还能对因受条件制约不能进行内检测的集输管道进行内腐蚀评价,同时还能在内腐蚀未发生之前进行内腐蚀预测并识别出管道内腐蚀的高风险段。     

面向嵌入式数据库的导航电子地图组织方法

以道路网为核心,提出了一个通用导航电子地图概念模型,并在其基础上重点研究了面向嵌入式数据库的导航电子地图组织方法。在本模型中,道路网被划分为通过线性参考互相联系的几何基准、逻辑网络和事件集三个模块,并采用分层、分区域的数据组织模式,体现了经典GIS-T模型和主流导航电子地图物理存储格式的主要优点。为了建立具有较高访问效率的导航数据库,提出了导航电子地图各个模块在嵌入式数据库中的组织策略,并着重介绍了利用数据聚集和HASH索引机制存储逻辑网络的方法。通过在嵌入式数据库SQLite中进行导航电子地图组织并在其基础上进行导航软件开发的实验,该导航电子地图组织方法被证明具有较好的可用性。     

灰尘中主次量元素的X射线荧光光谱分析

采用粉末压片-X射线荧光光谱法对灰尘样品中P、Ti、V、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Rb、Sr、Nb、Cs、Ba、La、Hf、Zr、Pb、Al2O3、CaO、Fe2O3、K2O、MgO、Na2O、SiO2等主次量组分进行测定。探讨了谱线校正,使用经验系数法和康普顿散射线作内标校正基体效应。用国家一级标准物质进行验证,测定值与标准值相符。     

Field investigation of surface sand and dust movement over different sandy grasslands in the Otindag Sandy Land,China

The characteristics of sand and dust movement over different sandy grasslands in China’s Otindag Sandy Land were explored based on field observations and laboratory analyses. Threshold wind speeds (the speed required to initiate sand movement) at a height of 2 m above the ground were estimated in the field for different surface types. Threshold wind speed above shifting dunes in the study area is about 4.6 m s⁻¹ at this height. This value was smaller than values observed above other surfaces, resulting in a greater risk of blowing sand above these dunes. Differences in sand transport rates (STR) as a function of the severity of desertification resulted primarily from differences in surface vegetation cover and secondarily from the soil’s grain-size distribution. STR increased exponentially with increasing near-bed wind velocity. Under the same wind conditions, STR increased with increasing severity of desertification: from 0.08 g cm⁻² min⁻¹ above semi-fixed dunes to 8 g cm⁻² min⁻¹ above semi-shifting dunes and 25 g cm⁻² min⁻¹ above shifting dunes. Vegetation’s affect on STR was clearly large. Different components of sand and dust were trapped over different lands: mostly sand grains but little dust were trapped above shifting dunes, but much dust was collected over semi-shifting and semi-fixed dunes. Human disturbance is likely to produce dust even from fixed dunes as a result of trampling by animals and vehicle travel. In addition, spring rainfall decreased the risk of sand and dust movement by accelerating germination of plants and the formation of a soil crust.     

基于决策树的交通信号灯智能调整算法研究

交通信号灯的智能化研究是智能交通系统(ITS)的一个重要研究领域。通过交通信号灯智能化的调整,可以对道路交通进行有效的无人化疏导,既节省了警力,又提高了效率。交通信号灯时间的调整,采样数据量大,并有很强的随机性。因此,本文基于数据挖掘技术,提出了一种学习模型——决策树的算法,作为交通信号灯智能化调整的依据,并通过一个路口的实际检测,取得了良好的效果,证明是一种简捷可行的方法。