Mid-latitude winds in the mesosphere: a superposed epoch analysis over the geomagnetic storm times

This study aims at looking for the characteristic patterns of mesospheric wind over the geomagnetic storm times. For this purpose, the geomagnetic storms preceded by a sudden commencement (SSC) have been selected from January 1995 to April 1999. By using the onset of SSC as the timing mark, a superposed epoch analysis has been performed on the available neutral wind data measured with medium frequency (MF) radars at Yamagawa (31.2°N, 130.6°E) and Wakkanai (45.4°N, 141.7°E). In doing so, the length of time chosen for the superposed analysis is from 7 days before the SSC onset to 21 days after the onset; subsets of wind data are superimposed for summer and winter months, respectively. Then with harmonic analysis on the superposed winds the mean winds in both summer and winter months have been obtained. Concerning mean wind characteristics, some interesting details are the reversal heights of the summer zonal winds, which is 79–80 km at Yamagawa and 84 km at Wakkanai. Strong wavy structures with 2–4 days period are observed at both Yamagawa and Wakkanai in both summer and winter. As for storm effects, significant enhancement of eastward wind is found 5 days after SSC onset at both Yamagawa and Wakkanai in winter. Moreover, the northward wind turns southward at Wakkanai 2 days after the onset of SSC, and the southward wind lasts for several days thereafter. In summer months, the post-storm enhancement tends to be small and mainly in the eastward wind at both Yamagawa and Wakkanai.     

肇庆市一次超级单体的多普勒雷达资料分析

利用广州S波段多普勒雷达资料,对2004年7月1日夜间发生在广东省肇庆市的一次强对流天气过程进行分析,发现引起这次强对流的风暴具有超级单体风暴的特征。这个超级单体南边出现两条明显的出流边界,分别位于钩状回波的西南和东南。相应的中低层径向速度图呈现一个弱中尺度气旋,旋转速度达12m·s-1。该超级单体的移动方向在盛行风向的右侧约30°,属于右移风暴。     

河西走廊沙尘暴50 a频率突变检测分析

 利用1958年至2007年民勤、敦煌、武威、张掖、景泰的沙尘暴春季发生频次资料,运用滑动t检验和滑动F检验进行突变检测分析,根据检验结果综合确定突变点及其突变强度,寻求沙尘暴发生频率突变规律及产生原因,为沙尘暴发生频率的变化趋势研究和预测提供参考。滑动t检测结果显示,5站点的沙尘暴春季频率突变数量呈现往东部递增的趋势;降低突变较多;升高突变年份集中在20世纪60年代末期和90年代末期,降低突变主要出现在1983年及2002年前后;均值降低突变强度大于升高突变。滑动Ｆ检验结果显示突变均是方差降低突变;河西走廊中东部的沙尘频率波动性差异较其他地区更为显著;方差突变出现在80年代中期及90年代初期,其余时间的波动性的差异维持在一个较低的水平。当对沙尘暴发生频率进行滑动t及滑动F检验时,两种情况下的降低突变检测结果存在一定的对应关系。河西走廊地区的沙尘暴发生频率突变与地面风速、大风日数、降水量及平均气温的突变存在密切联系,可作为沙尘暴频率突变的预测因子。     

Influence of impact ionisation detection methods on determination of dust particle flux in space

Results are presented for a series of experiments investigating effects which can influence the interpretation of data from ionisation-based dust detectors carried on spacecraft. First, the variation of the impact ionisation yield with angle of impact was studied for impacts of iron microparticles onto gold at speeds of 1-. The angle of incidence was from 0° (normal incidence) to 80° (glancing incidence). Little or no variation was observed at angles up to 60°, but at 80° the total impact ionisation signal was around an order of magnitude lower than at smaller angles. In addition, the fast rising component of the ionisation signal rise time showed no variation with impact angle, but the total signal rise time showed a steady decrease. The effect of secondary impact ionisation resulting from particle impacts on detector side walls was also studied. Iron microparticles were fired on to an aluminium target at various angles, and the impact ionisation signal on a nearby gold target was measured. It was found that ionisation signals were observed on the gold target, and that these were very similar in appearance to those observed in direct impacts.The effect of reduction in particle charge on an impact ionisation signal was investigated. Iron microparticles were fired on to a gold target after passing through a thin film which reduced the charge which was used to accelerate them. It was found that there was a measurable drop in ionisation signal in the reduced-charge case. The empirical relation I_IONISATION=1.67×10⁻⁹Q_PARTICLE^0.35 (units of C) was found. This implies there is a component in the observed ionisation signal that is not related to the impact. To test this, charged tungsten carbide particles were dropped at very low velocity onto a replica of a dust detector used in space whilst placed in a vacuum chamber. Ionisation signals were frequently recorded by the detector. It was concluded that this signal originated from the incident particle charge.In the final section of work, as an example, the influence of oblique incidence, side-wall impacts and particle charge effects on data collected by the Gorid dust detector in Earth orbit were investigated. Corrections were applied to the mass and velocity distributions derived from Gorid data. In extremis, oblique incidence effects were found to shift the mass distribution down by an order of magnitude, and the velocity distribution up by a factor of two to three. If all the data had come from unrecognised side-wall impacts, the mass distribution would be shifted downwards to lower masses by three orders of magnitude, and the velocity distribution upwards by a factor of five. Possible particle charge effects were found to shift the mass distribution down by 30%, and did not alter the velocity distribution.Overall we have investigated a variety of impact-related phenomena and conclude that these can affect the interpretation of data from instruments deployed in space.     

一次弓状回波、强对流风暴及合并过程研究Ⅱ：双多普勒雷达反演三维风场分析

利用济南和滨州两部新一代多普勒雷达反演的三维风场,分析了发展成熟和减弱阶段的弓状回波、强对流风暴的三维风场结构,以及两者合并过程的风场变化特征。结果表明：（1）弓状回波的头部和尾部分别对应气旋性和反气旋性环流,气旋性环流较强。在逗点云系阶段,回波强度、主上升气流,以及气旋和反气旋性环流开始减弱。（2）强对流风暴靠近处于...     

地磁垂直分量Z日变幅逐日比及其与磁暴和地震的关系

地磁垂直分量Z日变幅逐日比是基于变化磁场在地球电导率的作用下会产生一个与变化磁场相反的感应磁场, 该感应磁场不仅包含了外空磁场的信息, 还包含了地下电导率的信息。 因此, 相对于地磁场其他成分来说Z分量更多地反应了地下活动的变化, 逐日比是利用前后两日地磁Z分量日变幅相比来提取该异常现象, 但磁暴可能会对逐日比异常判定产生影响。 我们取1984年至今江苏区域范围达到逐日比异常判定指标的29个事件结合磁暴以及该异常事件之后和地震的对应关系进行统计分析。 研究发现, 无磁暴时逐日比异常和预测范围内地震对应关系达到0.77, 有磁暴时逐日比异常和地震对应关系为0.25。 综合分析认为逐日比异常事件发生后, 若该日无磁暴或者Dst指数小于异常第二日, 那么该异常为地震前兆的可能性大概为0.8, 反之则该异常有可能是磁暴的影响而不是来自于地下活动的影响, 需结合其他前兆分析方法进行综合分析, 该研究增强了逐日比异常判定地震地磁前兆信息的可靠性。     

北京粉尘沉降物的物理化学特征及其物源初探

对北京上空不同高度不同时间段采集的粉尘样品的物理化学特征进行了研究。认为不同的风动力作用导致北京上空粉尘不同来源的物质高度混合,且高度越高远源物质越多,高度越低近源物质越多。由于物质来源不同,粉尘的物理化学特征呈现出不同的特点。通过研究发现,Si/Al比值能近似地反映粉尘在空中的分布特征,可以作为粉尘扬起高度的间接指标。     

Quantification of contemporary storm-induced boulder transport on an intertidal shore platform using radio frequency identification technology

Extreme storm events are known to produce, entrain, transport and deposit sizable boulders along rocky coastlines. However, the extent to which these processes occur under moderate, fetch-limited wave conditions is seldom considered. In this study we quantify boulder transport at a relatively sheltered location subject to high-frequency, low-magnitude storm activity. This was achieved by deploying radio frequency identification (RFID) tags within 104 intertidal limestone boulders ranging in size from fine to very coarse (intermediate axis: 0.27–2.85 m). The study was conducted over 3 years (July 2015–July 2018) and encompassed numerous storm events. Tagged boulders were relocated during 17 field surveys and their positions recorded using a differential global positioning navigation satellite system (DGNSS). On completion, we identified boulder displacement in 69% of the tagged array. The accrued boulder transport distance amounted to 233.0 m from 195 incidents of displacement, including the movement of a boulder weighing an estimated 11.9 t. Transport was not confined to autumn and winter storms alone, as displacement was also recorded during summer months (April–September), despite the seasonally reduced wave magnitude. Boulder production by wave quarrying was documented in three tagged clasts, confirming observations that the shore platform is actively eroding. Incidents of overturning during transport were also recorded, including multiple overturning of clasts weighing up to 5 t. We further identify a statistically significant difference (maximum p-value ≤ 0.03) between the transport distances attributed to constrained and unconstrained boulders, suggesting that the pre-transport morphological setting exerts considerable control over boulder transport potential. The findings establish low to moderate storm waves as a key component in the evolution of the study site. More broadly, we claim that high-frequency, low-magnitude storms regularly modify these overlooked rocky coastal locations, suggesting that the hydrodynamic capability at such sites may previously have been underestimated. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京春季一次持续浮尘和污染天气过程分析

2001年4月底5月初北京地区出现了一次以浮尘天气为主，夹杂轻雾、雷阵雨、烟幕等复杂天气过程的持续重污染事件，给北京地区的生产和生活带来了较大的影响。文章主要从天气形势上分析了北京浮尘天气形成的原因和持续空气污染的气象条件。结果表明，此次过程是由于高空冷涡发展东移，蒙古气旋发展和地面冷锋移动经过蒙古国南部和华北北部等干燥、疏松的地表形成扬沙、沙尘暴，大量的细小沙尘粒子随高空偏西气流携带而至北京，形成浮尘天气。本地低空处于弱辐合区，层结稳定，风速小、逆温频繁，这些均不利于沙尘粒子和本地污染物的扩散，导致连续可吸入颗粒物重污染的形成。