Evolution of an incised valley coastal plain estuary under low sediment supply: a ‘give‐up’ estuary

The literature on incised river valley sedimentology is dominated by studies of sediment‐rich systems in which the valley has been filled during and/or shortly after drowning. In contrast, the Holocene evolution of the Kosi Lagoon, South Africa (an incised coastal plain river valley) took place under very low sedimentation rates which have produced a distinctive stratigraphy and contemporary sedimentary environments. The findings are based on a synthesis of the results of studies of seismic stratigraphy, sediment distribution, morphodynamics and geomorphology. Barrier migration was prevented by a high pre‐Holocene dune barrier against which Holocene coastal deposits accumulated in an aggradational sequence. Holocene evolution of the back barrier involved: (i) drowning of the incised valley; (ii) wave‐induced modification of the back‐barrier shoreline leading to segmentation during the highstand; and (iii) marine sedimentation adjacent to the tidal inlet. Segmentation has divided the estuary into a series of geochemically and sedimentologically distinctive basins connected by channels in the estuarine barriers. The seismic stratigraphy of the back barrier essentially lacks a transgressive systems tract, shoreline modification and deposition having been accomplished during the highstand. The lack of historical geomorphological change suggests that the system has achieved morphological equilibrium with ambient energy conditions and low sediment supply. This study presents a classification for estuarine incised valley fills based on the balance between sea‐level rise and sedimentation in which Kosi represents a ‘give‐up’ estuary where much of the relict incised channel form is drowned and preserved. It exhibits a fundamentally different set of evolutionary processes and stratigraphic sequences to those of the better known incised valley systems in which sedimentation either keeps pace with sea‐level (‘keep‐up’ estuaries) or occurs after initial drowning (‘catch‐up’ estuaries).     

甘肃省舟曲地质灾害发育特征及典型地质灾害剖析

甘肃省舟曲县因发生＂8.8＂特大山洪泥石流灾害而倍受世人关注。本文在概述县域自然地理条件,地质背景及生态环境变化的基础上,深入讨论了舟曲县地质灾害的类型、分布、规模、稳定状态及危害性特征,并以泄流坡滑坡和三眼峪泥石流为例,详细分析了地质灾害的影响因素、发育特征及危害评估,以期对正在舟曲实施的地质灾害防治工程有所帮助。     

云南东川深沟泥石流治理效益分析

2012年7月（雨季）、12月（旱季）分别对深沟流域进行现场调查,在分析深沟“稳、拦、排”泥石流治理模式的基础上,研究深沟泥石流治理效益,结果表明：治理后森林覆盖率明显提高、植被群落结构得以优化,并取得了良好的社会、生态和经济效益。     

顺向河谷陡倾角层状岩体边坡变形破坏模式及特征

我国西部地质环境复杂,大量顺向河谷中存在陡倾角层状岩体倾向坡外的边坡,具较高的地质灾害危险性。该类边坡在漫长的地质历史过程会发生位移~弯曲,经历轻微弯曲、强烈弯曲隆起阶段和变形破坏阶段。特殊的坡体结构在较长时间内使该类边坡可基本稳定,但地震、爆破、工程开挖切脚及水库蓄水等易使其失稳。本文通过典型实例探讨了顺向河谷陡倾角层状岩体且倾向坡外边坡的变形破坏模式和特征。     

Petrology and geochemistry of high-titanium and low-titanium mafic dykes from the Damodar valley,Chhotanagpur Gneissic Terrain,eastern India and their relation to Cretaceous mantle plume(s)

The Damodar valley within the Chhotanagpur Gneissic terrain at the northern-most margin of the Singhbhum craton, eastern India, is perhaps the only geological domain in the entire Indian shield which hosts the early Cretaceous Rajmahal as well as the late Cretaceous Deccan igneous activities. A number of Cretaceous mafic dykes intrude the Gondwana sedimentary formations and are focus of the present study. One set of these dykes strike NNE to ENE, are very fresh and mainly exposed within the Jharia, Bokaro and Karanpura basins; whereas the other set of dykes (including the well-known Salma mega dyke) trend NW to NNW, intrude mainly the Raniganj basin and show meagre hydrothermal alteration. Majority of the samples from both these dyke groups display ophitic or sub-ophitic textures and are essentially composed of augite/titan augite and plagioclase. On the basis of petrographic and geochemical characteristics the NNE to ENE dykes are identified as high-Ti dolerite (HTD) dykes and the NW to NNW dykes are referred to as low-Ti dolerite (LTD) dykes. Apart from the first-order distinction on their titanium contents, both these groups also show conspicuous geochemical differences. The HTD dykes contain relatively high values of iron, and high-field strength elements than those from the LTD dykes with an overlapping MgO contents.Although available field, paleomagnetic and limited geochronological data for most of the studied dykes suggests their emplacement during early Cretaceous period (110–115 Ma), the Salma dyke, dated to be of Deccan-age at ∼65 Ma, is an exception. Geochemically all the studied samples show an undoubted plume-derived character but their unequivocal affinity to either the early Cretaceous Kerguelen (Rajmahal) or the late-Cretaceous Reunion (Deccan) plume is not straightforward since they share bulk-rock characteristics of rocks derived from both these plumes. Even though, the spatial and temporal association of the mafic dykes of present study with the Rajmahal Traps are suggestive of their linkage to the Kerguelen plume activity, robust geochronological and paleomagnetic constraints are clearly required to understand the relative contributions of the two Cretaceous mantle plumes in the genesis of the mafic igneous activity in this interesting domain.     

Palaeosols and sequence stratigraphy of the Lower Permian Abo Member,south‐central New Mexico,USA

The relationship between palaeosols and sequence stratigraphy is tested in the Lower Permian Abo Member, south‐central New Mexico, by comparing interfluve and fluvial‐terrace palaeosols with palaeosols that developed within lowstand‐fluvial deposits. Interfluve and fluvial‐terrace palaeosols consist of primary pedogenic features, including vertical root traces, vertic structures, Stage II and III pedogenic calcite and translocated clay (argillans), which are cross‐cut or replaced by low‐aluminium goethite, gley colour mottling, sparry calcite veins and ankerite. The polygenetic character of the palaeosols is consistent with initial development for several thousand to tens of thousands of years on well‐drained interfluves or fluvial terraces, followed by waterlogging due to invasion by a rising water table that locally may have been brackish. In contrast, lowstand‐fluvial sediment that filled incised valleys contains only rooted and vertic palaeosols, whose immaturity resulted from high aggradation rates. Palaeosols similar to those in the Abo Member have been recognized in other ancient strata and, when combined with high‐resolution correlation, provide evidence for interpretation of sequence‐stratigraphic surfaces and systems tracts.     

‘98嫩江,松花江洪水与流域综合管理

１９９８年夏季,嫩江,松花江流域发生历史罕见的洪水,此次洪水主要特征是水位高,水量大、持续时间长,灾情严重,由于嫩江支流相继发生洪水,致使嫩江干流再现三次较大的洪峰。农作物受灾面积４５６×１０＾４ｈｍ＾２,洪灾的主要原因是雨量大,汛期长,土地利用不合理,区域生态环境退化,缺乏控制性水利工程,亟需开展流域综合管理工作,加强水利工程建设,尤其是控制性水利工程建设,发展生态安全型农业。     

黄河流域旱涝年夏季蒸发计算及其变化

根据我国北方的热量平衡观测资料,地立了计算感热—潜热比的经验模式,用于计算黄河流域旱涝年(1972、1975、1986、1988年)及一般年(1971、1974、1985、1987年)夏季陆面蒸发,并分析其变化特点以及与旱涝的关系。     

新疆伊犁河谷晚全新世风沙沉积主量元素特征及其气候意义

在新疆伊犁河谷塔克尔莫乎尔沙漠腹地,选择可克达拉剖面进行了光释光年代测定和主量元素含 量分析,根据主量元素组合及其比值变化重建了研究区3.71 Ka BP以来的气候环境变化序列。结果表明,近4Ka BP以来研究区气候环境演变大体经历５个阶段的变化：3.71～3.06Ka BP,冷湿;3.06～2.78Ka BP,暖干; 2.78～2.10Ka BP,凉湿;2.10～0.50Ka BP,冷湿;0.50Ka BP以来,凉干气候为主,最近100 a趋于暖干。研 究区晚全新世以来的气候变化阶段与中国东部季风区以及北半球气候变化阶段有很好的可比性,但各气候变化 阶段的水热组合又具有典型的西风带气候模式特征,并与中高纬度北大西洋区域的气候变化具有很好的遥相关。     

太行山中段羊角玄武岩形态特征及其地质意义

太行山中段左权羊角镇发育新生代玄武岩, 记录了太行山新生代以来的构造隆升事件。在详细的野外调查和研究的基础上, 通过与玄武岩发育相关的地貌面及其上的地层特征分析, 初步确定该玄武岩是上新世末期到早更新世初期的喷发产物, 初步揭示了太行山中段区域上晚上新世以来地貌发育历史, 主要存在6次构造隆升与剥蚀期: 在唐县期宽谷面形成的基础上, 于上新世晚期存在一次隆升和一次稳定侵蚀期, 并侵蚀形成“U”形谷; 早更新世初, 玄武岩开始间歇性喷发, 同时发生以西武家坪为中心的地区上拱, “U”形谷为玄武岩充填, 之后经剥蚀堆积形成第四级阶地面; 早更新世末, 该区再次发生隆升, 并形成第四级阶地; 中更新世末, 该区发生隆升, 形成第三级阶地; 晚更新世以来, 太行山中段又连续发生两次抬升, 从而在玄武岩体上形成了4级阶地, 形成太行山现今地貌。研究同时表明, 太行山中段上新世晚期以来的隆升主要发生于上新世末到早更新世时期。这一认识为探讨太行山中段晚上新世以来的构造隆升提供了具体证据。