三江并流区干热河谷成因新探析

干热河谷是青藏高原周边及三江并流区引人注目的、较为独特的地生态现象。干热河谷是构造-地貌-古生态效应、环流-季风-“狭管”效应、地形波-局地环流-降水-焚风效应、植被-土地利用-人类活动干扰效应等综合作用而形成的原生性的地生态现象。早第三纪时,三江并流区是斜贯我国广阔干旱气候带的组成部分。随着青藏高原的隆起和西南季风的形成演化,逐渐向暖湿性的亚热带气候和植被演化,进入上新世末-更新世以后,纵向岭谷地貌形成,大江大河溯源侵蚀,河谷深切,在深切河谷下部逐步形成与其纬度位置相当的干旱半干旱生态景观,从古生态上实现了某种意义上的“返祖”现象。冬半年本区受西风南支急流控制形成干季,夏半年受西南季风控制,尽管带来大量水汽,但受特殊地貌格局影响,在本区形成金沙江河谷等四个少雨区,部分气流沿狭窄平直河谷急速北流一路无阻,水汽被输送到北部地势增高之处形成地形降雨。纵向排列的岭谷地形波,形成明显的降水波状起伏分布曲线,气流越过山岭后下沉气流带来“焚风”效应,形成干热河谷。人类活动叠加在原已生态脆弱的干热河谷生态系统之上,社会经济发展使其土地利用强度加剧、植被减少、水土流失严重等,促使生态环境进一步朝干热化方向发展。因而,干热河谷形成有着其地史、大气环流、季风、大地貌及地形波效应、植被抗逆性差等自然要素的综合作用,并叠加了人类的干扰,是局地地-气-水-生-人交互作用及耦合效应的综合产物。     

Human impact on fixed sand dunes revealed by morphometric analysis

The Nyírség is the second largest alluvial fan in Hungary covered by fixed sand dunes. The primary aim of the paper is to describe the morphology of dunes in the region and classify them based on their morphometric characteristics. The other major aim is to select those dunes which were exposed to significant anthropogenic impact, and to determine the spatial and temporal differences in the intensity of human activity. The following dune types were separated: valley‐marginal, transitional valley‐marginal, transitional parabolic, filled, partially and unfilled parabolic dunes. After defining different dune types and their parameters, certain dunes were selected based on exposure to significant anthropogenic impact. Definite connection was demonstrated between the intensity of human environmental impact and the rate of erosion on fixed sand dunes. The erosion of sand dunes was most intensive in Medieval times, most likely due to concentration of agricultural land use. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

圆弧状多层沉积谷地在平面SV波入射下的动力响应

利用波函数的Fourier-Bessel级数展开法,推导出了含任意多个圆弧状沉积层的谷地在平面SV波入射下稳态动力响应的解析解,并分析了该级数形式的解析解随着截断项数的收敛问题.其结果表明,该级数解能够在一个非常宽的频带范围内收敛;通过在简化条件下与现有其他解析解的比较,验证了该解析解的正确性;并利用该解析解,以稳态地面运动的位移幅值和相位差为基本参数,在一个较宽的频带范围内讨论了谷地中沉积介质的成层性对地面运动的影响,其结果表明对于多层谷地而言,当入射波频率较高时,散射波之间的干涉显著并且出现了能量聚焦现象.     

Site-specific spectral response of seismic movement due to geometrical and geotechnical characteristics of sites

It is well-known that the response of a site to a seismic solicitation depends on local topographical and geotechnical characteristics. Many aspects of seismic site effect still need to be studied in more detail and they can be incorporated in the seismic norms after quantification. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to establishment of a simple method to include complex site effects in a building code. Horizontal ground movements in various points of two-dimensional (2D) irregular configurations subjected to synthetic SV waves of vertical incidence are calculated. The parametric studies are achieved by means of HYBRID program combining finite elements in the near field and boundary elements in the far field (FEM/BEM). The results are shown in the form of pseudo-acceleration response spectra. For the empty valleys, we can classify the spectral response according to a unique geometric criterion: the “surface/angle” ratio, where surface is the area of the valley opening, and angle denotes the angle between the slope and horizontal line in the above corner. To assess the influence of the 2D effect on the spectral response of filled valleys, the response of alluvial basins are compared with the response of one-dimensional columns of soil. Finally, an offset criterion is proposed to choose a relevant computation method for the spectral acceleration at the surface of alluvial basins.     

EH4电磁系统的近源效应及其校正方法

EH4电磁系统要求在“远区”观测。当发—收距较小时,测点在人工源的低频段处于过渡带中,数据发生畸变,从而形成过渡带低谷。提出一种线性校正方法,可对过渡带数据进行校正。     

冬季高原积雪异常与1998年长江洪水关系的分析

冬季青藏高原积雪与我国夏季降水,特别是长江流域降水有着一定的相关关系、１９９８年长江洪水与冬季高原积雪异常有关,这在春存季４００ｈＰａ平均高度场上有相应的反映。但由于受高度场的年际和年代际异常变化的影响,使它们之间的关系变得更加复杂。     

VALLEY SLOPE DEFORMATION BY INTERACTION OF MASS ROCK CREEP,TALUS CREEP AND RAPID LANDSLIDES ALONG THE KALI GANDAKI RIVER IN THE HIMALAYAS OF WESTERN NEPAL

VALLEY SLOPE DEFORMATION BY INTERACTION OF MASS ROCK CREEP,TALUS CREEP AND RAPID LANDSLIDES ALONG THE KALI GANDAKI RIVER IN THE HIMALAYAS OF WESTERN NEPAL1　AmatyaKM ,InavaliBM .GeologicalMapofNepalwithExplanatoryNote[M ].DepartmentofMinesandGeology(DMG) ,Kathmandu ,Nepal,1994 2　ChigiraM .Long termGravitationalDeformationofRocksbyMassRockCreep[J].EngineeringGeology ,1992 ,32 :15 7～ 184. 3　SELBYMJ .HillslopeMate…     

渭河谷地晚新生代地表环境巨变的孢粉记录

本文在总结渭河谷地２０多个孢粉剖面的基础上,依据古地磁资料确定其时代,并在空间和时间上进行孢粉组合对比,从而建立了１０个区域孢粉组合带。由此提出３．５ＭａＢＰ以来孢粉植物群的演化经历了５个阶段：由阔叶林－－针叶林－－森林草原与草原－－森林草原与茺漠草原－－草原－－森林草原与草原。这５个阶段标志着地表环境系统发生巨大变革,变革时间为２．５ＭａＢＰ,２．０ＭａＢＰ,１．４／１．６ＭａＢＰ和０．８ＭａＢ     

世界名河及其流域开放开发的国际经验

世界名河及其流域自然条件千差万别,其开放开发的空间模式各异,选择最具社会经济特色和分别代表某一开放开发类型的世界四大名河－密西西北河、圣劳伦斯河、亚马逊河和尼罗河,对其流域背景及开发战略进行了比较研究,旨在为我国大江大河及其流域的开放琥发提供借鉴。     

轮古奥陶潜山油水界面识别方法及油气分布特征评价——以轮古LG7井区为例

为保证油气勘探取得成效,本文以轮南奥陶系古潜山LG7井区为例,探讨油水界面的分析识别方法。轮古7井区位于轮古西部,岩溶储层主要为奥陶系中下统鹰山组泥晶、亮晶砂屑灰岩,灰岩原生孔隙较低,平均孔隙度仅为1.2 %,但岩溶构造缝洞相当发育,平均孔隙度可达3.4 %,且裂缝和溶蚀孔洞相互沟通,形成了以缝洞系统为主要储集空间的碳酸盐岩储集体。通过钻录井、测井、试油、试采等资料对比,并结合古岩溶地貌分析,认为控制岩溶残丘发育的岩溶沟谷底基本可以指示岩溶残丘的油水界面位置。在此基础上,结合完钻井生产情况,对油水界面之上的有利岩溶残丘油气储量进行了初步评价。结果表明油井产能与油水界面埋深关系密切,残丘厚度>90 m的Ⅰ类区,其分布面积为13.86 km2,油气资源量为693×104 t;残丘厚度50~90 m的Ⅱ类区,面积为27.13 km2,资源量为1085×104 t;残丘厚度<50 m的Ⅲ类区,面积为20.21 km2,资源量为404×104 t。