An Overview of Dissolved and Suspended Matter Fluxes in the Loire River Basin: Natural and Anthropogenic Inputs

The spatial and temporal distributions of major elements were investigated in the surface waters and in associated suspended matter at two sites of the upper Loire basin (Orleans and Brehemont) between 1995 and 1998.According to geochemical and isotopic patterns, the dissolved load appears to result from a process of mixing rainwater inputs, weathering processes of carbonate and silicate bedrock, and agricultural and urban inputs. Natural inputs influence 60% of water chemical composition at both sites. Annual dissolved fluxes were estimated to be 1300 10³ t/y at Orleans and 1620 10³ t/y at Brehemont. Major elements are transported mainly in the dissolved fraction. After correcting for atmospheric and anthropogenic inputs, the silicate specific export rate was calculated to be 11 t/y/km² throughout the basin and the carbonate specific export rate to be from 47 t/y/km² at Orleans to 23 t/y/km² at Brehemont.The suspended load appears to result from at least two particle reservoirs: a silicate reservoir and a carbonate reservoir. The silicate reservoir has a detrital origin, mainly during periods of high flow, while the carbonate reservoir has a detrital origin during periods of high flow and an authigenic origin during periods of low flow. Of the total annual flow of suspended matter, this authigenic material represents 16% at Orleans, 25% at Brehemont and 37% in the fluvial part of the estuary. After correcting authigenic inputs, the specific export rate due to mechanical weathering was estimated to be 8 t/y/km² throughout the Loire basin.     

一种适用于沉积有机质族组分分离的微型柱色谱法

硅胶-氧化铝柱色谱是广泛采用的沉积有机质组分分离方法。但在常规柱色谱分离方法中,存在吸附剂、溶剂使用量过大、烷烃/芳烃组分交叉严重等问题。介绍一种微型柱色谱分离法,其分离效果与常规方法的效果基本相同或略有改善,吸附剂用量与样品的比例由100～250降低为25～50,洗脱溶剂与样品的比例由1800～4600降低至250～500。同时,操作程序进一步简化,分析成本和对环境的污染程度大幅度降低。     

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Organic Matter from Petroleum Source Rocks and Its Implications

Organic matter was experimentally extracted by supercritical fluids(CO2 1% isopropanol)from petroleum source rocks of different thermo-maturities at different buried depths in the same stratigraphic unit in the Dongying Basin.The results show that supercritical fluid extraction(SFE)is more effective than Soxhlet extraction(SE),with higher amounts and greater varieties of hydrocarbons and soluble organic matter becoming extractive.The supercritical CO2 extraction is therefore considered more valuable in evaluation of petroleum source rocks and oil resources,particularly those of immature types.     

钻杆接头材料35CrMo硫氮复合处理层的干摩擦学性能研究

应用离子渗氮与离子渗硫技术,在钻杆接头材料35CrMo钢表面制备了硫氮复合处理层。采用M-200环块磨损试验机,对比研究了原始渗氮表面与硫氮复合表面在干摩擦条件下的抗磨损性能。结果表明,在干摩擦的条件下,由于摩擦副的接触表面缺乏润滑,硬度较高的渗氮层会加剧接触表面的磨损。而硫氮复合处理层由于在表面存在一层硫化亚铁固体润滑层,在磨损过程中可以起到一定的润滑作用,因此其在干摩擦条件下具备更好的抗磨损性能。     

1992—2018年中国旱作农田土壤湿度的时空模式及气象驱动因素

土壤湿度作为影响陆气水热交换的重要变量,指示了干旱的演变特征。为揭示中国旱作农田土壤湿度的变化特征及其气象驱动要素,本文利用站点数据研究了1992—2018年中国旱作农田土壤湿度变化趋势的时间和空间特征,采用相关性、敏感性分析等方法探究了土壤湿度的驱动机制。结果表明：2001年中国旱作农田土壤湿度的变化趋势发生转折,土壤湿度年际变化普遍由下降趋势变为上升趋势,主要由夏季和秋季土壤湿度主导。而且土壤湿度的变化存在空间异质性,2001年后东北地区的土壤湿度在显著增加,而西南地区在显著下降。降水量和蒸散发的时空变化是土壤湿度趋势发生时空变化的主要原因,二者存在协同作用,北方地区由降水主导,南方地区由蒸散发主导。     

青海高原干热风的分布特征及其对气候变化的响应

基于青海省56个气象站1961—2010年50年气象资料对干热风的发生日数、空间分布及其变化特征分析表明:青海高原干热风主要分布在柴达木盆地且以小灶火为高发地,其次为东部农业区且以循化为高发地;近50年来干热风日数、强度均呈逐年上升趋势,2001—2010年年平均达到29站次,分别较20世纪60和70年代偏多17和ll站次;近年来平均最高气温的明显升高与相对湿度逐年减小是干热风日数增多的主要原因。     

Changes in Daily Climate Extremes of Observed Temperature and Precipitation in China

Daily precipitation for 1960–2011 and maximum/minimum temperature extremes for 1960–2008 recorded at 549 stations in China are utilized to investigate climate extreme variations.A set of indices is derived and analyzed with a main focus on the trends and variabilities of daily extreme occurrences.Results show significant increases in daily extreme warm temperatures and decreases in daily extreme cold temperatures,defined as the number of days in which daily maximum temperature(Tmax)and daily minimum temperature(Tmin)are greater than the 90th percentile and less than the10th percentile,respectively.Generally,the trend magnitudes are larger in indices derived from Tmin than those from Tmax.Trends of percentile-based precipitation indices show distinct spatial patterns with increases in heavy precipitation events,defined as the top 95th percentile of daily precipitation,in western and northeastern China and in the low reaches of the Yangtze River basin region,and slight decreases in other areas.Light precipitation,defined as the tail of the5th percentile of daily precipitation,however,decreases in most areas.The annual maximum consecutive dry days(CDD)show an increasing trend in southern China and the middle-low reach of the Yellow River basin,while the annual maximum consecutive wet days(CWD)displays a downtrend over most regions except western China.These indices vary significantly with regions and seasons.Overall,occurrences of extreme events in China are more frequent,particularly the night time extreme temperature,and landmasses in China become warmer and wetter.     

华熊地块中生代岩浆作用的物质继承性

中生代是华熊地块最重要的岩浆作用时期。通过对其中主要地体中燕山期改造型花岗岩和同熔型花岗岩的同位素研究,结合其形成物质背景和地质特征,认为它们的物质特征主要取决于它们继承各自不同的地体物质(特别是基底物质)和同一地体物质的多少程度。地体及其中生代岩浆作用的构造环境是解释这一继承机理的主要因素。     

油气有机质与MVT铅锌矿床的成矿——以四川赤普铅锌矿为例

四川赤普MVT铅锌矿床成矿与古老油气藏关系密切。通过对矿床不同成矿阶段硫化物硫同位素和热液碳酸盐碳、氧同位素系统研究,结合沥青有机质的有机地球化学特征,探讨油气参与金属成矿的详细过程。取得主要认识如下：(1)油气系统中先存的H2S是成矿早阶段主要的硫源, TSR作用启动后还原硫酸盐,为成矿提供另一硫源。Mg2+可能是控制成矿过程中TSR作用的一个因素;(2)热液碳酸盐矿物碳(氧)同位素组成指示了 TSR 作用氧化的有机碳与流体溶解围岩碳酸盐岩中碳的不均匀混合作用;(3)矿床中与成矿作用有关的有机质(沥青)具有高-过成熟度特征和低芳烃含量,或是其参与了 TSR 作用的一个标志;(4)川滇黔地区油气成藏-破坏和赤普铅锌成矿可能是盆山演化过程中不同阶段或是同一阶段不同时代的产物,铅锌矿床形成与古老油气藏破坏密切相关。     

广西金牙金矿床百逢组沉积特征及其与金矿的关系

广西金牙金矿产于中三叠统百逢组中 ,矿区的百逢组为一套陆源碎屑浊积岩 ,既有阵发性高密度浊流引起的浊积扇体系 ,又有稳定低密度浊流引起的鲍马序列。百逢组下段为浊积扇体系 ,中段及上段为鲍马序列 ,一般不全 ,其中d、e段最发育 ,其次为c、b段。金矿化出现在砂泥混积的百逢组中段。矿体位于鲍马序列段 ,尤其是de和cde组合段 ,岩石为富含有机质的泥质与粉砂的混积岩 ,属远端浊积岩。其中 ,钙质泥岩和粉砂质泥岩是最有利的矿化围岩。主要载金矿物毒砂和黄铁矿呈自形晶出现。矿体的有机碳含量高于相邻围岩的有机碳含量 ,与运移烃类的叠加有关。金品位随有机碳含量的增加而增加 ,有机质也是有用的金的载体。富含有机质的浊积岩是浊积岩型金矿床形成的有利条件。