吉林省前郭县土地利用变化空间差异的机制分析

由于各个自然要素及其空间组合的差异,不同自然地理单元的区域总体特征与主要的自然地理过程各不相同,导致了其内部土地利用变化时空形式与过程也不相同。吉林省前郭县可划分为四个自然地理单元区,各区内土地利用的基本模式不同,土地利用变化趋势各异。研究表明,土地利用变化动态过程和自然地理单元要素综合特征具有显著相关性。     

基于模糊加权线性回归法的重力仪漂移系数计算

重力仪漂移系数对于观测数据的有效零漂改正,进而获得可靠重力观测数据具有重要意义。笔者提出利用模糊加权线性回归法进行重力仪漂移系数计算,通过对理论与实际的重力仪静态数据的试验、比较与分析,认为该方法具有计算自动化、有效压制干扰、计算结果稳定等特点,能够实现对重力仪漂移系数的有效计算,具有应用前景。     

基于TM图像的农业区域植被覆盖变化检测

以交叉相关光谱匹配(cross correlogram spectral matching,CCSM)为基础构建土地覆盖变化强度指标,利用华北农业植被覆盖区2期不同时相的TM图像计算该地区土地覆盖变化强度图像.认为变化强度图像任意二阶邻域中像素的变化强度服从隐马尔可夫模型,用马尔可夫随机场-最大后验估计(maxium a psteriori estimationof markov random field,MRF - MAP)的方法从变化强度图像中提取植被变化区域.实验证明:该方法能够有效识别各种外源噪声造成的农业植被覆盖区域同物异谱的现象,可准确提取植被变化区域;但对于水体区域存在误判现象.     

我国农民收入时空差异的地域与因子结构双重解析

根据泰尔系数和基尼系数可按地域和收入来源进行分解的特性,对我国1997—2009年间各省份农民收入时空差异进行地域和因子结构双重解析。结果表明,省际间农民收入呈小幅波动增大态势;三大地带内差异是构成农民收入差异的主导部分,尤其是中部地带内省际间差异和贡献居首要地位;因子结构分解则显示工资性收入对总体非均衡程度的贡献最高。着力加快中、西部地区的工业化、城镇化进程,推进农业剩余劳动力向城镇转移或向非农产业转移,提升其工资性收入水平,并从政策、财政和科技等方面支持落后地区加快发展家庭经营是缓解农村地区省际收入差距并促进农村经济区域协调发展的有效途径。     

基于流速衰减特征的泥石流冲出距离预测方法

泥石流冲出距离的确定是泥石流灾害评价及防治中的关键环节。基于泥石流在堆积区流速的变化特征,提出了泥石流流速"衰减系数"的概念。通过对泥石流流速衰减系数的定义和计算公式的推导,提出了一种基于泥石流流速衰减系数来确定泥石流冲出距离的新方法,并以四川省泸定县干沟泥石流为实例进行计算和验证。研究结果表明:当干沟泥石流在堆积区的流速大于初始(沟口)流速的15%时,流速的衰减程度极为显著;而当堆积区流速小于初始速度的15%时,流速的衰减极为缓慢。研究结果对泥石流灾害的危险性评价及防灾减灾具有一定的理论和实践意义。     

城市不透水面与降雨径流关系研究

城市不透水面增加对降雨径流关系有着重要的影响,本研究选择位于福州城区内的厦坊溪和解放溪2个流域,在流域尺度上研究现状和城区未来扩展过程中对应的不透水率及其与降雨一径流关系．研究结果表明不透水率与径流系数在不同降雨情况下都成正相关的线性关系,尺。达到0．9以上;随着降雨量的增大并伴随着前期湿润度由干到湿变化,虽然不透水率对地表径流的影响有所弱化,但整体而言,城市不透水面的增加导致相同降雨情况下径流系数增加,并增大城市排水系统负担．利用研究结果,论文最后从保护河网水系、合理规划城区发展、完善排水系统和加强绿地系统建设等方面对城市规划提出建议．     

Prediction of satellite orbits contraction due to diurnally varying oblate atmosphere and altitude-dependent scale height using KS canonical elements

A new non-singular analytical theory for the motion of near-Earth satellite orbits with the air drag effect is developed in terms of uniformly regular KS canonical elements. Diurnally varying oblate atmosphere is considered with variation in density scale height dependent on altitude. The series expansion method is utilized to generate the analytical solutions and terms up to fourth-order terms in eccentricity and c (a small parameter dependent on the flattening of the atmosphere) are retained. Only two of the nine equations are solved analytically to compute the state vector and change in energy at the end of each revolution, due to symmetry in the equations of motion. The important drag perturbed orbital parameters: semi-major axis and eccentricity are obtained up to 500 revolutions, with the present analytical theory and by numerical integration over a wide range of perigee height, eccentricity and inclination. The differences between the two are found to be very less. A comparison between the theories generated with terms up to third- and fourth-order terms in c and e shows an improvement in the computation of the orbital parameters semi-major axis and eccentricity, up to 9%. The theory can be effectively used for the re-entry of the near-Earth objects, which mainly decay due to atmospheric drag.     

Contraction of near-Earth satellite orbits using uniformly regular KS canonical elements in an oblate atmosphere with density scale height variation with altitude

A new non-singular analytical theory for the contraction of near-Earth satellite orbits under the influence of air drag is developed in terms of uniformly regular Kustaanheimo and Stiefel (KS) canonical elements using an oblate atmosphere with variation of density scale height with altitude. The series expansions include up to fourth power in terms of eccentricity and c (a small parameter dependent on the flattening of the atmosphere). Only two of the nine equations are solved analytically to compute the state vector and change in energy at the end of each revolution, due to symmetry in the equations of motion. It is observed that the analytically computed values of the semi-major axis and eccentricity are consistent with the numerically integrated values up to 500 revolutions over a wide range of the drag-perturbed orbital parameters. The theory can be effectively used for re-entry of near-Earth objects.     

中国55年来地面水汽压网格数据集的建立及精度评价

对气象要素网格化是气候变化研究中避免空间抽样误差的有效方法之一.文中采用薄盘光滑样条插值法(ANUSPLIN),在考虑站点经度、纬度和海拔高度的基础上,对中国55年来地面水汽压站点资料进行空间插值,得到了中国陆地水汽压年和月平均值1°×1°网格数据集.精度检验表明:中国年水汽压插值误差普遍小于0.3 hPa;而月水汽压的插值误差由于受水汽压周期变化的影响,表现出周期性变化的特点.一般夏季较大,最大误差在0.5 hPa左右,冬季较小,约为0.2 hPa.在考虑站点海拔与对应网格DEM差值大小的基础上,建立实测水汽压值与对应网格水汽压值年序列,并进一步分析二者的相关关系,表明:(1)二者具有很好的相关性,相关系数为0.88-0.96;(2) 能很好地模拟地形影响,得到的网格水汽压可以较好地代表实测水汽压的变化趋势.由此建立了中国近55年来地面水汽压的年序列.其趋势表明:近55年来中国年平均水汽压呈增加趋势,其线性趋势为0.52 hPa/(100 a),其中西部增加趋势大于东部,且以夏季的增大趋势最为显著.结合近50年来气温的变化趋势说明:在中国,气温每增加1 ℃,大气中年平均水汽含量约增加3.15%.     

Variation of the Sectional Drag Coefficient of a Group of Buildings with Packing Density

Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations of turbulent flow over groups of buildings with different packing densities are reported. The results for a selected packing density are compared with direct numerical simulations (DNS) previously validated against wind-tunnel data. The present study is focused on average properties of the flow, especially on the drag coefficients, and is a first attempt to provide information on these parameters (their values are not generally known) for a range of packing densities, for a given staggered arrangement of cubes using RANS methods. However, some of the limitations of RANS have come to light. Hence, it is recommended that such simulations are ‘calibrated’ against experimental or DNS data, as is done here.