控制测量课程教学中创新实践案例——以“二等水准测量”教学为例

探讨了控制测量课程中"二等水准测量"教学的创新实践情况,说明此项目学习的必要性,根据此项目教学内容与教学过程中出现的问题,结合学生学习情况,寻找系列教学创新之路,达到使学生学会"二等水准测量"的读数、记录、计算等技能的目的。     

土地确权中GNSS控制测量及高程拟合精度分析

随着社会事业的发展,国土资源合理利用已经变得日趋重要。无论是土地确权,还是地形测绘,都要以控制测量为前提,通过精确的控制点坐标来开展工作。如何得到精确的控制点坐标,要求对控制测量数据进行科学的分析处理。本文根据土地确权中的实例,对GNSS静态数据处理及高程拟合进行精度分析,对比得出水准测量对高程拟合精度的影响。     

内蒙古自治区利用精密三角高程测量代替二等水准测量方法研究

对目前国内已完成采用精密三角高程测量代替二等水准测量成功案例进行详细分析比较,在外业各种环境下进行了测试,经分析研究,通过精密三角高程测量在一定条件下精度完全满足二等水准测量的要求。     

Essential Features of Tectonic Movement Revealed by Crustal Vertical Deformations in the Mainland of China

Based on the precise reieveling data of more than 260,000 km carried out from 1950 to 1991 in the Chinese mainland,recent crustal vertical movement is studied.By means of some quantitative indices,such as the pattern of crustal vertical movement,the intensity of differential movement,the maximum gradient and its distribution,etc.,the properties of movements are analyzed on a large scale.The results suggest that all the properties have a profound tectonic background of their own and are closely related to the zoning and seismic activity of active subplates.The driving force for the movement comes mainly from the northward push of the India plate acting on the Eurasia plate.The effects of motions of the Pacific and Philippine Sea plates in the east are much less significant.     

关于大型超大型矿床的概念问题

关于大型超大型矿床的概念，当前还存在着不同的理解和认识，为例于国际对比和协同攻关，作者对有关问题提出：简化分级，统一名称和推行国际国内双轨制，根据成矿的普遍性和特殊性与具体地质条件相结合的原则，建议因地制宜处理好个体与群体，“有兄弟”与“独生子”、单一类型与复杂类型，贫矿与富矿，以有点，线，面的分布形式等问题。     

Temporal variation of crustal deformation during the days preceding a thrust-type great earthquake — The 1944 Tonankai earthquake of magnitude 8.1, Japan

The temporal variation in precursory ground tilt prior to the 1944 Tonankai (Japan) earthquake, which is a great thrust-type earthquake along the Nankai Trough, is discussed using the analysis of data from repeated surveys along short-distance leveling routes.Sato (1970) pointed out that an anomalous tilt occurred one day before the earthquake at Kakegawa near the northern end of the focal region of the earthquake. From the analysis of additional leveling data, Sato's result is re-examined and the temporal change in the ground tilt is deduced for the period of about ten days beginning six days before the earthquake. A remarkable precursory tilt started two or three days before the earthquake. The direction of the precursory tilt was up towards the south (uplift on the southern Nankai Trough side), but the coseismic tilt was up towards the southeast, perpendicular to the strike of the main thrust fault of the Tonankai earthquake. The postseismic tilt was probably opposite of the coseismic tilt. The preseismic tilt is attributed to precursory slip on part of the main fault. If similar precursory deformation occurs before a future earthquake expected to occur in the adjacent Tokai region, the deformation may help predict the time of the Tokai earthquake.     

Density structure and tritium-helium age of deep hypolimnetic water in the northern basin of Lake Lugano

Long-term stratification of the deep hypolimnetic waters of the northern basin of Lake Lugano (Lago di Lugano) has resulted in a lack of deep-water renewal which has persisted for decades. Tritium-helium age measurements reveal that deep water has not been in contact with the atmosphere since the 1960s. Higher primary production associated with the significant increase in phosphorus concentration which occurred at this time resulted in greater autochthonous gross sedimentation rates, increasing the rate of mineralization and, consequently, the rate of release of dissolved solids (mainly HCO ₃ ^- and Ca²⁺) into the deep hypolimnion. This gave rise to an intensification of the stratification and to a consequent reduction in the vertical exchange of hypolimnetic water layers. Today, the density stabilizing effect of ion release due to mineralization in the deep water is four to five times greater than the destabilizing effect of the geothermal heat flux from the earth's interior. It is known from laboratory experiments that such small density gradient ratios are likely to give rise to double-diffusive instabilities. However, even rudimentary mass balance calculations of biogeochemical components indicate that shear-induced turbulence, most likely generated by bottom currents, mixes far more efficiently than double diffusion. In the future, the biogenic density stratification is likely to persist in the deep water, unless the upward ion flux, driven by primary production, decreases by a factor of four to five.     

天津某深基坑工程施工监测及数值模拟分析

本文介绍了天津铜锣湾广场深基坑工程开挖实例。通过对开挖过程中的支护结构内力、坑周土体水平位移等的现场监测和数值模拟分析,讨论了基坑开挖过程中支护结构受力的特点及其对周围环境的影响,得到了基坑周边土体水平位移的变化规律,为考虑施工因素的支护结构设计提供了依据。     

电子水准仪观测资料处理系统的研制

本文着眼于台站水准数字化改造的实际需要，对电子水准仪投入使用前及使用中所涉及的仪器检查项目和观测数据的后续处理工作进行二次开发，研制了“电子水准仪观测资料处理系统”。该系统包括仪器检查、观测成果处理和绘图三部分。使台站水准测量结束了人工读数、手工记录和点图、人工计算的历史，实现了电子水准仪观测资料处理的微机化和自动化。     

EDM三角高程测量问题再讨论

讨论了“水准式光电测距三角高程的再认识与思考”一文的若干问题,分析了传统EDM三角高程测量高差计算公式的严密性问题,以实例证明了利用地球平均半径计算球气差改正数产生的误差可以忽略不计,说明了水准式光电测距三角高程高差计算公式不存在多值解问题。