黄河三角洲滩涂湿地夏季大型底栖动物多样性分析

2008年7月,采用野外取样和室内分离、鉴定相结合的方法,对黄河三角洲滩涂湿地底栖动物进行了调查,并利用物种丰富度指数（Margalef）、物种多样性指数（Shannon-Weiner）、均匀度指数及生态优势度指数对该湿地内4个环境梯度带9类典型生境的大型底栖动物多样性进行了分析。结果表明,黄河三角洲滩涂湿地夏季共发现大型底栖动物36种,8纲28科29属,隶属于节肢动物门、软体动物门及环节动物门;其生物量为节肢动物最高,软体动物次之,环节动物最低。随着河口滩涂湿地从水生生境过渡到旱生生境,大型底栖动物MargMef指数和Shannon—Weiner指数均呈减小趋势,表现为潮间淤泥海滩最高,芦苇（Phragmites arustralis）湿地次之,海防林带最小。均匀度指数的变化范围为0．45～1．00,表现为芦苇湿地最高,潮间淤泥海滩次之,海防林带最低。生态优势度表现为海防林带最高,盐碱滩涂次之,而水生生境的潮间淤泥海滩与芦苇湿地最低。     

伊洛河流域不同地貌类型区的景观空间结构对比分析——以洛宁县为例

运用景观生态学原理,借助遥感和地理信息系统技术,选取斑块密度、边缘密度、分维数、景观多样性、景观优势度和破碎化指数等指标,对比分析了伊洛河流域的洛宁县不同地貌类型区的景观空间分布和空间格局特征,探讨了该地区不同地貌类型区人类活动与景观结构之间的关系。结果显示从南北中山区向内到南北低山区到南北塬陵区再到川涧区,斑块破碎化指数从0.0190到0.3225到0.4378再到0.1794,总体呈增加趋势,破碎化程度增大,川涧区则由于遥感影像解析精度问题,使得破碎化指数低于塬陵区;景观多样性指数从0.1828到0.3586到0.2983再到0.3634,总体也呈增大趋势;平均斑块分维数从1.1148到1.3854到1.2263再到1.3680,呈两低两高分布。     

东营凹陷早第三纪介形类复合分异度研究

复合分异度不仅能表明化石群内属种的多寡，而且能反映各种个数分配是否均匀。它对划分生物群落和恢复沉积环境具有重要意义。文中讨论了复合分异度的概念，并选用了信息函数熵H(s)作为分异度的计算方法，分析统计了山东济阳坳陷东营凹陷沙三段至沙一段沉积时期的介形类分析化验资料，并计算了东营凹陷现有资料井各时期的分异度值，做出了分异度等值线图。根据分异度的值及区域内的优势种，共划分出了各时期的11个生物群落，即Limnocythere armata（具刺湖花介）、Phacocypris huiminensis（惠民小豆介），Pseudocandona boxingsis（博兴假玻璃介），Camarocypris elliptica（椭圆拱形介），Huabeinia unispinata（单刺华北介），Camarocypris ovata（卵形拱星介），Huabeinia chinensis（中国华北介），Camarocypris ovata（卵形拱星介），Huabeinia chinensis（中国华北介），Cyprois mina（小型拟星介），Huabeinia obscura（隐瘤华北介）。个体古生态资料和复合分异度值对生物相划分和环境划分起着重要的作用，结合生物群落划分出了东营凹陷各时期的沉积环境。     

物理模拟实验在天然气成藏研究中的应用--以柴达木盆地北缘南八仙和马海气田成藏过程为例

物理实验模拟是研究油气运移和聚集的重要手段和方法。而天然气物理模拟实验则是一个研究相对不足而又非常重要的领域,它的操作和完善可以大大促进我国西部天然气勘探,直接影响着西气东输的国策。本文正是涉及这个领域,选取柴北缘马海、南八仙气田作为研究对象,模拟了其成藏模式,认为在西部前陆盆地天然气成藏过程中断层与不整合及输导层相比,一般是优势通道;而南八仙凝析气田的形成具有差异聚集的特点,即下盘聚气而上盘不聚气,这种现象是由多种原因造成的,包括断层本身的非均质性、圈闭幅度不足及通天断层的存在等。     

岳池县土地利用景观格局动态变化分析

在ERDAS IMAGINE 9.0和ArcGIS 9.3软件平台下,以岳池县1993年、2001年和2007年的TM遥感影像为基础数据源,采用监督分类方法以及景观指数分析法,对岳池县景观格局的变化进行了分析。结果表明：岳池县近15年来旱地、林地、建筑用地和水体面积呈增加趋势,其中旱地和建筑用地增幅最大,分别增加了11...     

牙鲆选育F3代家系的建立及遗传效应分析

牙鲆是太平洋西岸海水养殖、捕捞和自然增殖的主要鱼类,但是人工养殖病害多、生长慢,针对这一问题,从2003年开始开展了牙鲆选择育种。本文利用筛选和培育的F1、F2代牙鲆家系核心群体,构建了F3代家系52个,在生长到196d时,对家系1 560尾鱼苗全长、体宽、体质量、全长日增量和体重日增量5个生长性状进行测量和计算,获得7 800个数据。采用"加性-显性"线性模型、最小范数二阶无偏估计法(MINQUE)对以上生长性状的边际平均值、加性方差分量、显性方差分量、随机方差分量、狭义遗传力、广义遗传力、亲本加性效应、杂交随机效应等遗传参数进行了评估。结果显示:1202、1206、1226和1211家系以上生长性状的边际平均值同时显著高于其他家系。以上5个生长性状的加性方差分量比率为(0.099±0.01)~(0.24±0.02),显性方差分量比率(0.30±0.02)~(0.31±0.02),随机方差分量比率(0.48±0.02)~(0.61±0.01),5个性状狭义遗传力0.099~0.24,广义遗传力0.38~0.54,以上遗传参数均达极显著性水平(P0.01)。综合比较18个亲本5个性状的加性效应预测值,发现F0917、F0908、F0905、F0915、F09125和KS(韩国牙鲆)亲本在5个性状上都具有极显著的正向效应(P0.01),其他亲本5个性状都不同程度的表现为显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)的负向加性效应。对42个杂交组合显性随机效应进行预测,D(2×6)、D(2×18)、D(3×4)、D(7×12)、D(7×14)和D(8×13)6个杂交组合在5个性状上都表现为极显著(P0.05)正效应,利用这些杂交组合建立家系将促进牙鲆以上5个性状的生长。本文研究结果,为牙鲆优良家系的建立及新品种的培育初步筛选出了性状优良的亲本、杂交组合和家系,同时为牙鲆进一步选择育种提供了理论和技术依据。     

Logratio Analysis and Compositional Distance

The concept of distance between two compositions is important in the statistical analysis of compositional data, particularly in such activities as cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. This paper exposes the fallacies in a recent criticism of logratio-based distance measures—in particular, the misstatements that logratio methods destroy distance structures and are denominator dependent. Emphasis is on ensuring that compositional data analysis involving distance concepts satisfies certain logically necessary invariance conditions. Logratio analysis and its associated distance measures satisfy these conditions.     

ATLANTA'S ROLE AS AN INFORMATION CENTER: INTERMETROPOLITAN SPATIAL LINKS

Atlanta has emerged in the 1980s as a major second-order command and control center within the US economy and demonstrates considerable dominance within the Southeast. Federal Express Corporation data permit examination of Atlanta's national and regional command and control functions. The concepts of information genesis, hierarchy of control, and spatial independence of information receipt clarify Atlanta's place within the specialized information network. Atlanta occupies an advantageous position within the intermetropolitan information network from which much of the Southeast's economic activity is organized.     

Holocene aridity and storm phases, Gulf and Atlantic coasts, USA

A bottomland flora that prevailed between 9900 and 6000 cal yr B.P. in a North Carolina stream valley may not reflect a regionally much wetter Atlantic climate, coeval with record drought in the Great Plains region and assumed dry Gulf coastal conditions. Such conditions were inferred for 6000 ± 1000 yr ago when the Bermuda High may have consistently occupied summer positions far to the NE. Arid episodes coeval with the Little River local wet interval are known from eolian sediments and pollen spectra in the Atlantic and the Gulf coastal plain. For multiple reasons, the regional extent, intensity, and duration of coastal aridity and alternating wet phases and the Bermuda High positions are not yet adequately constrained. The climate and edaphic causes for the steadily growing predominance of southern pines over hardwoods, achieved between 8900 and 4200 cal yr B.P. at different sites at different times are similarly still unresolved. New data from Shelby Lake, AL, reconfirms that no credible field or other proxy evidence exists for a previously postulated “catastrophic Gulf hurricane phase” in the late Holocene.     

Subaerial river bank erosion processes and their interaction with other bank erosion mechanisms on the River Arrow,Warwickshire, UK

River bank erosion occurs primarily through a combination of three mechanisms: mass failure, fluvial entrainment, and subaerial weakening and weathering. Subaerial processes are often viewed as ‘preparatory’ processes, weakening the bank face prior to fluvial erosion. Within a river basin downstream process ‘domains’ occur, with subaerial processes dominating the upper reaches, fluvial erosion the middle, and mass failure the lower reaches of a river. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that (a) subaerial processes may be underestimated as an erosive agent, and (b) process dominance has a temporal, as well as spatial, aspect. Bank erosion on the River Arrow, Warwickshire, UK, was monitored for 16 months (December 1996 to March 1998) using erosion pins. Variations in the rate and aerial extent of erosion are considered with reference to meteorological data. Throughout the first 15 months all erosion recorded was subaerial, resulting in up to 181 mm a^?1 of bank retreat, compared with 13 to 27 mm a^?1 reported by previous researchers. While the role of subaerial processes as ‘preparatory’ is not contended, it is suggested that such processes can also be erosive. The three bank erosion mechanisms operate at different levels of magnitude and frequency, and the River Arrow data demonstrate this. Thus the concept of process dominance has a temporal, as well as spatial aspect, particularly over the short time‐periods often used for studying processes in the field. Perception of the relative efficacy of each erosive mechanism will therefore be influenced by the temporal scale at which the bank is considered. With the advent of global climate change, both these magnitude–frequency characteristics and the consequent interaction of bank erosion mechanisms may alter. It is therefore likely that recognition of this temporal aspect of process dominance will become increasingly important to studies of bank erosion processes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.