Spatial and diurnal distribution of invertebrate and fish fauna of a Zostera marina bed and nearby unvegetated sediments in Damariscotta River, Maine (USA)

Fish, epibenthos and macroinfauna were collected in a Zostera marina bed and nearby unvegetated sediments in the estuary of the Damariscotta River, on the mid-coast of Maine. Samples of epibenthic fauna and fish were collected at low tides both during day and night, and samples of infauna at low tides during the day. The mean density of Zostera shoots in the study area was 335 m⁻². Abundance and species number of fish were greater at night than during the day and greater in eelgrass beds (Z. marina) than in unvegetated habitats. Daytime fish collections were dominated by Atlantic silversides (Medinia medinia), while juvenile winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) dominated night collections. Also Zostera-associated epifaunal abundances and number of species were significantly higher at night than during the day. Mysis stenolepis, Idotea balthica and Littorina obtusata were dominant species in the epifauna samples. Of the total of 37 invertebrate species encountered, only five occurred both in the infaunal and epifaunal samples. Nineteen different taxa were collected from the benthic core samples. The most abundant invertebrate infaunal taxa were sipunculids, the polychaete Nereis virens, and oligochaetes. Infaunal invertebrate abundances and species diversity were significantly higher in eelgrass beds than in unvegetated sediments. The abundance and number of species of benthic invertebrates were also positively correlated to seagrass biomass. Community diversity values (H′) were relatively low but fit well in the general pattern of decreasing diversity towards northern latitudes.     

深水工况下弧面胸墙沉箱堤的反射形态分析

为推广应用新型弧面胸墙沉箱堤,结合模型试验和数值模拟对比分析了深水工况下弧面胸墙沉箱堤和削角胸墙沉箱堤的反射形态。波面和波压的数值结果与试验数据吻合良好,验证了数值方法的有效性。反射系数表明,入射波浪在与弧面胸墙沉箱堤相互作用过程中的能量损耗最小,其反射强于削角胸墙沉箱堤。波面和流速包络图显示,两种堤型均在堤前形成了部分立波系统,腹点和节点以四分之一波长的距离增量交替出现,胸墙和直立部分产生的反射波存在相位差,导致初始腹点的位置向海侧偏移。弧面胸墙沉箱堤前叠合波的相位差影响最小,腹点包络高度最大,节点包络高度最小,反射效应最明显。两种堤型前中下层水流的周期平均速度均较小且对称,表明底床泥沙不会产生趋势性输移,但迎浪基床上方的环流系统可能引起局部冲刷。相对而言,弧面胸墙沉箱堤前的环流强度最弱,更有利于冲刷防护。     

群体大小对微囊藻细胞昼夜垂向迁移的影响

针对群体形态对微囊藻昼夜间上浮下沉规律的影响问题,利用柱状培养装置对室内培养的单细胞、群体细胞以及在太湖采集的群体细胞进行了昼夜间分层观测实验,探讨了细胞形态对微囊藻垂向迁移的影响.实验结果表明:单细胞表现出一定的昼夜迁移规律,但无论是室内培养群体细胞还是太湖采集的群体细胞,都未观察到显著的昼夜上浮下沉的变化规律.另一方面,太湖采集的群体细胞表现出显著的漂浮特点.由此认为,室内培养的细胞与实际湖泊细胞之间存在比重上的差异,群体的大小对于上浮有明显的影响.     

南沙渚碧礁生态系有机碳的分布及周日变化特征

1999 年 4 月对我国南沙群岛渚碧礁海水中溶解有机碳的分布及礁坪区颗粒有机碳 (POC) 和溶解有机碳 (DOC) 的周日变化特征进行了观测。结果表明,渚碧礁表层海水 DOC 变化范围为 1.43~3.62 mg/L,平均为 2.16 mg/L,含量分布大致表现为礁坪区>潟湖>礁外。潟湖 DOC 的垂直分布大致表现为表层高于底层,可能与表层浮游植物的光合作用有关。礁坪区 POC 及 DOC 都呈现显著的周日变化特征,POC 呈现夜晚高,白天低的特点,浮游植物的昼夜垂直移动可能是产生该现象的主要原因。DOC 的周日变化则主要受浮游动物昼夜垂直移动及细菌等生物活动的影响。     

Surficial fractures in the Navajo sandstone,south-western USA: the roles of thermal cycles,rainstorms, granular disintegration,and iterative cracking

Deep (> 5 m) sheeting fractures in the Navajo sandstone are evident at numerous sites in southern Utah and derive from tectonic stresses. Strong diurnal thermal cycles are, however, the likely triggers for shallow (< 0.3 m) sheeting fractures. Data from subsurface thermal sensors reveal that large temperature differences between sensors at 2 and 15 cm depth on clear summer afternoons are as great as those that trigger sheeting fractures in exposed California granite. Extensive polygonal patterns in the Navajo sandstone are composed of surface-perpendicular fractures and were produced by contractile stresses. Numerous studies have shown that porewater diminishes the tensile strength of sandstone. Based on our thermal records, we propose that cooling during monsoonal rainstorms triggers polygonal fracturing of temporarily weakened rock. On steep outcrops, polygonal patterns are rectilinear and orthogonal, with T-vertices. Lower-angle slopes host hexagonal patterns (defined by the dominance of Y-vertices). Intermediate patterns with rectangles and hexagons of similar scale are common. We posit that outcropping fractures are advancing downward by iterative steps, and that hexagons on sandstone surfaces (like prismatic columns of basalt) have evolved from ancestral orthogonal polygons of similar scale. In lava flows, fractures elongate intermittently as they follow a steep thermal gradient (the source of stress) as it rapidly moves through the rock mass. In our model, a steep, surficial thermal gradient descends through unfractured sandstone, but at the slow pace of granular disintegration. Through time, as the friable rock on stable slopes erodes, iterative cracking advances into new space. Hexagonal patterns form as new fractures, imperfectly guided by the older ones, propagate in new directions, and vertices drift into a configuration that minimizes the ratio of fracture length to polygon area. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

短期重现性地磁日变化感应电流集中分布与地震关系初步研究

通过分析台站之间地磁垂直分量日变化相关性,研究中国大陆南北带地区90°E～110°E,2009～2018年地磁日变化感应电流线状集中分布现象与M_S≥6.0地震关系。统计发现,我国每月平均出现约2次感应电流集中分布现象,且10天左右内有原地重复出现现象——感应电流集中分布重叠异常,原地重现的集中分布感应电流日期间隔一般在10天左右以内,原地重现日期一般不连续,重现次数一般仅有2次。研究发现,我国南北带2009～2018年共出现重叠异常23次,20次重叠异常出现后18个月内重叠段发生M_S≥6.0地震,对应率高达87%,地震基本发生在重叠段端部250km以内,重叠段发生2次M_S≥6.0地震的比例较低,约35%;重叠段2个端部均发生M_S≥6.0地震的比例极小,仅约9%。部分重叠段走向与已经发现的上地幔和地壳高导带埋深走向基本一致,推测重叠异常发生在上地幔和地壳高导带附近,是来自上地幔和地壳内高导带附近的地震异常信息。目前已知,中国大陆强地震主要发生在上地幔高导层的隆起区一带及其壳内高导层发育地区,深部电性测深结果表明,大震易于发生在电导率急剧变化的梯度带,但这些地区何时发生地震还未得知,本文发现的重叠异常解释了这些地区1～2年内是否发生地震这一问题。     

人为干扰对越冬后期稻田中小天鹅(Cygnus columbianus)昼间能量消耗的影响

能量的消耗模式是动物适合度的重要体现,动物的日常行为和栖息地特征共同影响日能量消耗.稻田生境是越冬水鸟重要的觅食场所之一,同时又容易受到人为干扰,越冬水鸟应对日间不同的人为干扰因素而合理进行能量消耗配置,对于在越冬后期为迁徙而贮备能量的水鸟来说尤为迫切和重要.本文采用焦点动物取样法,观测越冬后期稻田中小天鹅（Cygnus columbianus）在干扰和非干扰环境中昼间行为的时间分配,推算其能量消耗.结果表明,小天鹅在干扰环境中警戒行为的时间分配和能量消耗、单次警戒时间和警戒频次均显著大于非干扰环境,游泳频次也是如此;在稻田中的昼间警戒能耗随干扰时间增加而增加,随干扰距离增加而降低.干扰造成小天鹅减少高能耗的取食行为,增加低能耗的警戒行为,降低昼间总能量的消耗.     

粤西沿岸海域潮汐特征

对粤西海域水东、湛江、硇州岛、南渡和海安验潮站各1年水位资料进行了调和分析及统计。结果表明:粤西海域北部湛江、水东、硇洲岛、南渡4站主要分潮为M_2、K_1、S_2和O_1,是不规则半日潮;而南部海安站主要分潮为O_1和K_1分潮,是不规则日潮。粤西沿岸各站浅水分潮和平均水位从北到南有减小趋势。在日潮不等方面,粤西沿岸验潮站都存在明显的日潮高、日潮时不等现象。日潮时不等总体上从北到南有降低的趋势,北部湛江、水东和硇州岛涨潮时间比落潮长1~1.5 h,南部南渡和海安两站涨、落潮时相差不大。另外,调和分析和经验公式不再适用于南渡站,南渡河入海口处堤闸工程是主要原因。这为粤西海域环境资源开发、航运活动等提供环境支持和保障。     

Effects of deforestation and weather on diurnal frost heave processes on the steep mountain slopes in south central Japan

Freezing and thawing processes play an important role for the gravitational transport of surface materials on steep mountain slopes in Japan. The effects of deforestation on frost heave activity were observed through the 2012/2013 winter season in Ikawa University Forest, a southern mountainous area in central Japan (1180–1310 m above sea level). During periods without snow cover, needle ice development prevailed at a clear‐cut site, and the downslope sediment movement of upper soil was 10 to 15 cm through the winter season. At a non‐cut site, rise and fall in the ground surface level prevailed on a weekly scale, with no evident downslope movements at the surface; ice lens formation in the soil layer is assumed. Abrupt changes in the radiation budget, such as the strengthening of nighttime radiative cooling and increases in daytime direct insolation, induced frequent development/deformation of needle ice at the clear‐cut site. In snow‐free periods, the day‐to‐day variability in needle ice growth length and in nighttime averaged net radiation showed significant correlations; cloudy weather with warmer and moist air intrusion associated with synoptic disturbances prevented the occurrence of needle ice. Namely, day‐to‐day weather changes directly affected the mass movement of the upper soil after deforestation. Shallow snow cover occurred discontinuously through the winter and is likely an important factor in keeping the soil moisture sufficiently high in the upper soil layer for initiating needle ice during snow‐free periods. We also discuss contributions of coastal extratropical cyclone activities providing both snow cover and cloudy weather in the southern mountain areas of central Japan to the intra‐seasonal variability in frost heave and its indirect effect on soil creep and landslides on the deforested steep slopes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国东部夏季持续性降水日变化在淮河南北的差异分析

本文利用1961-2006年我国285站观测的逐时降水数据,分析了中国东部不同地区夏季平均降水日变化随降水持续时间的变化特征. 虽然整个东部地区都表现为短时降水峰值较一致地出现在下午17时左右,持续较长时间降水在清晨前后发生峰值降水,但持续性降水日变化的平均峰值时间以淮河为界存在显著南北差异. 北部地区的持续性降水峰值主要出现在02-06时前后;南部地区的持续性降水峰值时间出现在06-10时. 无论是降水强度或频次的日变化峰值的南北差异均较明显,但降水强度差异更为突出,且主要表现在持续性强降水中. 进一步分析发现：一方面北部地区持续性强降水开始时间较南部地区更早;另一方面,北部地区降水从开始到峰值经历的时间更短. 最后,对持续性强降水峰值时间南北差异的可能原因进行了初步讨论.