Geometric effects resulting from the asymmetry of dipping fault: Hanging wall/ footwall effects

Root-mean-square distance Drms with characteristic of weighted-average is introduced in this article firstly. Drms can be used to capture the general proximity of a site to a dipping fault plane comparing with the rupture distance Drup and the seismogenic distance Dseis. Then, using Drup, Dseis and Drms, the hanging wall/footwall effects on the peak ground acceleration (PGA) during the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake are evaluated by regression analysis. The logarithm residual shows that the PGA on hanging wall is much greater than that on footwall at the same Drup or Dseis when the Drup or Dseis is used as site-to-source distance measure. In contrast, there is no significant difference between the PGA on hanging wall and that on footwall at the same Drms when Drms is used. This result confirms that the hanging wall/footwall effect is mainly a geometric effect caused by the asymmetry of dipping fault. Therefore, the hanging wall/footwall effect on the near-fault ground motions can be ignored in the future attenuation analysis if the root-mean-square distance Drms is used as the site-to-source distance measure.     

局域地应力场获取的插值平衡方法

针对由整体地应场插值计算局域地应力场的问题计算量大、受地质结构的影响大、不过分追求高精度等特点,改进了反距离加权插值法,考虑了单元体积的影响,提高了该方法在此问题中的适用性。基于此,提出了平面问题、三维地面和地下工程局域地应力场的求取策略,建议了边界全平动约束和法向约束两种边界条件,并验证了其合理性和适用场合。最后,在大型水电工程深切河谷坝肩边坡分析中进行了应用分析。结果表明：该插值方法简单实用,能够满足工程分析的精度要求;局域地应力场的求取策略计算效率高,计算精度能够满足工程分析的要求。     

RAPD标记在大连湾牡蛎种群研究中的应用

对四个不同地点（莱州,荣成,青岛和日照）的大连湾牡蛎（Ｃｒａｓｏｓｔｒｅａｔａｌｉｅｎｗｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ）进行了ＲＡＰＤ分析,结果表明相邻两地种群的遗传距离不明显。地理相距越远,遗传距离越大。莱州种群中具有ＯＰＫ１１—６８５标记,日照种群具有ＯＰＫ１１—７８０标记。上述两地之间的青岛和荣成种群中,６２．５％的个体同时具有这两个标记;只有２０％的个体为ＯＰＫ—７８０标记。莱州和日照种群间的基因流动有一定的局限性,而位于这两地之间的种群存在明显的基因流动现象     

六种海产虾类基因组DNA多态性的RAPD标记研究

于１９９６年１０月在青岛胶州湾附近海域采集中国对虾,细巧仿对虾,周氏新对虾,鹰爪虾,脊尾白虾和脊腹褐虾等６种不同科或不同属的海产虾类,用ＲＡＰＤ技术对其基因组ＤＮＡ的多态性进行了研究。在事先优化的反应条件下,经２０个随机引物扩增,共得到２８２条多态性片段,片段长度在２３０￣２８００ｂｐ之间,根据扩增片段的共享度计算出相对遗传距离指数,然后用ＵＰＧＭＡ和ＮＪ程序进行聚类分析,结果所显示的６种虾的亲缘     

一个皱纹盘鲍人工群体内个体大小遗传变异的RAPD分析

从以日本野生皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannui Ino)为亲本进行群体繁殖所得人工群体的子1代中分别选择大(BI)、中(ME)、小(SM)等3个子群体各20个个体，进行RAPD分析。用11条随机引物及7个双引物组合共扩增出153条DNA片段，其中总群体多态性片段数为110条，多态性片段的比例为72．37％。根据扩增片段的共享度用TFPGA软件进行计算，结果表明：(1)SM与ME的遗传距离较近，而与BI的遗传距离相差较大；(2)子群体间遗传分化系数为7．64％，表明各个子群体间在遗传上存在一定的差异，对子群体进行选择将有一定的意义；(3)各子群体表现出了丰富的遗传变异，子群体BI、ME、SM的遗传多样性分别为0．2063、0．2358和0．2363，表明BI子群体具有相对较高的纯合度，在选择育种中有较高价值。     

北部湾棕囊藻藻华原因种分析

近年来, 棕囊藻已成为我国北部湾海域藻华发生的主要原因种, 严重影响北部湾海洋生态环境、水产增养殖业和防城港核电安全, 急切需要对棕囊藻藻华原因种作进一步分析确认。2017年2月和3月在钦州湾和涠洲岛藻华发生海域分离得到9株棕囊藻, 采用光学显微镜进行形态学初步鉴定, 并通过核糖体小亚基序列(SSU rDNA)进行系统进化分析。研究结果表明, 北部湾9株棕囊藻与球形棕囊藻形态特征基本符合, 系统发育树与不同海域来源的球形棕囊藻聚在同一大分支上, 与其他海域来源的球形棕囊藻遗传距离为0.0000~0.0071, 其中北部湾WZS3-1株与墨西哥湾株CCMP627、苏里南株CCMP628、厄瓜多尔株CCMP1528、南非株P162、中国海株RCC:K1398及汕头株Santou97的球形棕囊藻亲缘关系最近, 遗传距离为0.0000, 而北部湾WZS1、WZS2、WZS4、WZS5株与香港株SKLMP_T005和渤海株BOHAI1亲缘关系最近, 遗传距离为0.0000。球形棕囊藻的种内遗传距离(0.0000~0.0073)明显小于种间遗传距离(0.0084~0.0440), 因此可确定来自北部湾不同海域的9株棕囊藻均为球形棕囊藻。此外, 球形棕囊藻各藻株间的亲缘关系远近与其地理位置分布不能完全对应。本研究结果将为我国棕囊藻藻华藻种库构建、棕囊藻北部湾株生理生态研究和北部湾棕囊藻藻华发生机理研究等提供参考。     

Statistically coherent approach involving log-ratio transformation of geochemical data enabled tephra correlations of two late Pleistocene tephra from the eastern Adriatic shelf

Tephrostratigraphic correlations commonly rely on geochemical composition supported by additional constraints (e.g., multiple stratigraphically ordered tephra, geochronological-stratigraphical constraints, and isotopic determinations), which provide key clues to restrict the number of possible candidates and disambiguate the correlation of a specific tephra among compositionally similar volcanic sources/tephra. However, such additional data may not be available or acquirable, leaving the geochemical data as sole, but challenging viable approach. In this study, two geochronologically poorly constrained late Pleistocene tephra from the eastern Adriatic –from a sand profile on Mljet Island (M-53/2) and from a marine sediment core from Pirovac Bay (PROS 721)– were correlated to known eruptions using only geochemical data (major and trace elements of glass shards), which were treated using both log ratio transformed and raw data. After the statistical treatment of the geochemical data using bivariate plots, linear discrimination analyses and selbal algorithm, the tephra M-53/2 and PROS 721 were suitably correlated with the widespread tephra generated during the Campi Flegrei eruptions of Massereia del Monte (Y-3 marine tephra, 29.0 ± 0.8 ka) and Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (14.5 ± 0.4 ka), respectively. This study showed that the correlation was hardly tenable when using the raw data, as opposed to compositional approach, which yielded satisfactory results. As a consequence, the distribution of Massereia del Monte/Y-3 tephra extended far toward the northeast, while a better chronological model, for reconstructing the paleoenvironmental changes at the Pirovac Bay location and the Holocene sea-level dynamics, could be obtained.     

Regional ground‐motion prediction equations for amplitude‐, frequency response‐, and duration‐based parameters for Greece

Although all of the main properties of a ground motion cannot be captured through a single parameter, a number of different engineering parameters has been proposed that are able to reflect either one or more ground‐motion characteristics concurrently. For many of these parameters, especially regarding Greece, there are relatively few or no predictive models. In this context, we present a set of new regionally‐calibrated equations for the prediction of the geometric mean of the horizontal components of 10 amplitude‐, frequency response‐, and duration‐based parameters for shallow crustal earthquakes. These equations supersede previous empirical relationships for Greece since their applicability range for magnitude, and epicentral distance has been extended down to M_w 4 and up to 200 km, respectively, the incorporation of a term accounting for anelastic attenuation has been investigated, while their development was based on a ground‐motion dataset spanning from 1973 to 2014. For all ground‐motion parameters, we provide alternative optimal equations relative to the availability of information on the different explanatory variables. In all velocity‐based and contrary to the acceleration‐based parameters, the anelastic attenuation coefficient was found statistically insignificant when it was combined with the geometric decay and the coefficient accounting for saturation with distance. In the regressions where the geometric decay coefficient simultaneously incorporated the contribution of anelastic attenuation, its increase was found to be much less considerable in the velocity‐based than in the acceleration‐based parameters, implying a stronger effect of anelastic attenuation on the parameters that are defined via the acceleration time history.     

Aeolian sediment transport on a recovering storm‐eroded foredune with sand fences

Studies of sediment transport on developed coasts provide perspective on how human adjustments alter natural processes. Deployment of sand‐trapping fences is a common adjustment that changes the characteristics of the dune ramp and its role in linking sediment transfers from the backshore to the foredune. Fence effects were evaluated in the field using anemometer arrays and vertical sediment traps placed across a beach and dune at Seaside Park, New Jersey, USA during onshore and longshore winds. The foredune is 18 m wide and 4.5 m above the backshore. The mean speed of onshore winds at 0.5 m elevation decreased by 17% from the berm crest to the upper ramp and 36% in the lee of a fence there. Sediment transport during mean wind speeds up to 8.0 m s^?1 at 0.5 m elevation was < 0.06 kg m^?1 h^?1 on the berm crest and backshore where fetch distances were < 45 m and surface sediment was relatively coarse (0.74–0.85 mm) but increased to 5.63 kg m^?1 h^?1 on the upper ramp aided by the longer fetch distances (up to 82 m) and finer grain size of the source sediment there (0.52 mm). Sediment transport along the berm crest and backshore during longshore winds, where fetch distances were > 200 m, was up to 58.69 kg m^?1 h^?1, about three orders of magnitude greater than during the onshore winds. Fences can displace the toe of the ramp farther seaward than would occur under natural conditions. They can create a gentler slope and change the shape of the ramp to a more convex form. A fence on the ramp can cut off a portion of sediment supply to the upper slope. Decisions about fence placement thus should consider these morphologic changes in addition to the effects on dune volume. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震黄土滑坡滑距预测的BP神经网络模型

地震滑坡的滑距与重力滑坡的滑距有着显著的不同,科学预测地震发生时黄土地区滑坡的滑动距离是合理评估黄土地区滑坡风险和减轻滑坡灾害的有效方式之一。基于海原特大地震诱发黄土滑坡的400组野外调查数据,通过引入BP神经网络算法,论证了BP神经网络模型用于预测黄土地震滑坡滑距的适宜性和可行性;建立了地震诱发黄土滑坡滑距的BP神经网络预测模型,并通过67组数据进行了验证。BP神经网络算法和传统多元线性回归、多元非线性回归结果的对比显示,BP神经网络的预测更接近真实情况,具有较为理想的预测效果,可以用于黄土地震滑坡滑距的预测,并为圈定较为可靠的致灾范围提供依据。