基于震例的前兆统计特征分析

依据《中国震例》（1966——1999收录的185次震例的2500多条地震活动及前兆异常资料,研究了各学科平均异常数量、空间分布范围、异常时间等统计特征及其与主震震级的关系．结果显示,地震学、形变、流体异常数量相对较多,且平均异常数量随震级增大有加速增长的趋势,前兆平均异常数量随震级的增加尤其明显．从地震学各方法来看,频次、空区、b值、条带等方法提供的异常数占总异常数量的1/2．前兆异常分布范围数倍于地震破裂尺度,形变、流体异常平均震中距随主震震级大体上呈线性增加．各类异常出现时间与未来主震震级定性正相关,即地震越大,出现的时间越早．研究结果还显示,当目标震级不高时（例如5——6级地震）,现有预测方法及手段可能不足以提供年时间尺度的地震预测依据．同时,流体和电磁等前兆学科在3年地震大形势预测研究,甚至是在年度预测研究中所能够发挥的作用,可能也不如人们所期望的那么大．本文较多震例的平均统计结果显示,随主震的临近,前兆异常空间分布向震中附近集中、收缩,同时异常数量明显增加．这一现象始于年尺度的中短期阶段而非更短时间的临震,同时本文亦未能够检测到前兆异常空间分布向外围明显的扩散过程．最后对《中国震例》前兆异常选取范围的合理性及对本文统计结果的可能影响进行了初步讨论.      

sPn震相的多台同时测定法

利用数字台网观测技术的优势,根据sPn与Pn震相到时差与震中距无关,以及振幅和周期都比Pn大的运动学和动力学特征,提出将震中距不同的台站的Pn震相对齐后同时测定多台的sPn震相,进而计算出该地震的震源深度。这种分析和测定方法简捷准确,可在台网的日常近震分析中推广应用。     

DINI12电子水准仪在台站短水准测量中的应用

主要介绍了DINI12电子水准仪的特性、原理、检测方法及代替原有光学水准仪在台站短水准测量中的应用,并结合电子水准仪的实际观测数据,对该仪器的使用方法和测量精度进行了探讨。     

Analyzing the Waveform of the Shunchang Earthquakes in Fujian Province

On March 13, 2007, two earthquakes with M4.7 and M4.6 occurred in Zhengfang Village, Shunchang, Fujian. The M4.7 earthquake is the most intensive one in the Fujian region since the establishment of the Fujian digital seismic networks. These two earthquakes provide us with valuable first-hand observation data for seismological research. This paper analyzes their waveforms and concludes that （ 1 ） the crustal thickness in the seismic region is estimated to be about 40km according to the observed head-wave critical distance; （2） there is a salient difference between the ratios of S-wave＇s maximum amplitudes of these two earthquakes; （3） the focal depth of the M4.7 earthquake is estimated to be 8.4km according to the clear depth phrase sPn in waveforms, which is the same with the result of other determination methods.     

Estimating the size and travel distance of Klapperhorn Mountain debris flows for risk analysis along railway, Canada

Debris flows occurring on Klapperhorn Mountain in the Yellowhead Pass in the Canadian Rocky Mountains pose a significant hazard to railway operations at the base of the mountain. The size （volume） and travel distance of these debris flows play an important role in assessing the risk to the railway. GIS analysis, airphoto interpretation together with field work were undertaken on two debris flows located at track mileage 54.0 and 54.3. Characteristics of these two debris flow events were analyzed, including debris flow path morphology and event behavior. Their sizes and travel distances were estimated using an empirical-statistical model （UBCDFLOW） under different initiation conditions. Their potential impact on the railway bridge was evaluated using a bridge blockage ratio.     

Geometric effects resulting from the asymmetry of dipping fault: Hanging wall/ footwall effects

Root-mean-square distance Drms with characteristic of weighted-average is introduced in this article firstly. Drms can be used to capture the general proximity of a site to a dipping fault plane comparing with the rupture distance Drup and the seismogenic distance Dseis. Then, using Drup, Dseis and Drms, the hanging wall/footwall effects on the peak ground acceleration (PGA) during the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake are evaluated by regression analysis. The logarithm residual shows that the PGA on hanging wall is much greater than that on footwall at the same Drup or Dseis when the Drup or Dseis is used as site-to-source distance measure. In contrast, there is no significant difference between the PGA on hanging wall and that on footwall at the same Drms when Drms is used. This result confirms that the hanging wall/footwall effect is mainly a geometric effect caused by the asymmetry of dipping fault. Therefore, the hanging wall/footwall effect on the near-fault ground motions can be ignored in the future attenuation analysis if the root-mean-square distance Drms is used as the site-to-source distance measure.     

局域地应力场获取的插值平衡方法

针对由整体地应场插值计算局域地应力场的问题计算量大、受地质结构的影响大、不过分追求高精度等特点,改进了反距离加权插值法,考虑了单元体积的影响,提高了该方法在此问题中的适用性。基于此,提出了平面问题、三维地面和地下工程局域地应力场的求取策略,建议了边界全平动约束和法向约束两种边界条件,并验证了其合理性和适用场合。最后,在大型水电工程深切河谷坝肩边坡分析中进行了应用分析。结果表明：该插值方法简单实用,能够满足工程分析的精度要求;局域地应力场的求取策略计算效率高,计算精度能够满足工程分析的要求。     

RAPD标记在大连湾牡蛎种群研究中的应用

对四个不同地点（莱州,荣成,青岛和日照）的大连湾牡蛎（Ｃｒａｓｏｓｔｒｅａｔａｌｉｅｎｗｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ）进行了ＲＡＰＤ分析,结果表明相邻两地种群的遗传距离不明显。地理相距越远,遗传距离越大。莱州种群中具有ＯＰＫ１１—６８５标记,日照种群具有ＯＰＫ１１—７８０标记。上述两地之间的青岛和荣成种群中,６２．５％的个体同时具有这两个标记;只有２０％的个体为ＯＰＫ—７８０标记。莱州和日照种群间的基因流动有一定的局限性,而位于这两地之间的种群存在明显的基因流动现象     

六种海产虾类基因组DNA多态性的RAPD标记研究

于１９９６年１０月在青岛胶州湾附近海域采集中国对虾,细巧仿对虾,周氏新对虾,鹰爪虾,脊尾白虾和脊腹褐虾等６种不同科或不同属的海产虾类,用ＲＡＰＤ技术对其基因组ＤＮＡ的多态性进行了研究。在事先优化的反应条件下,经２０个随机引物扩增,共得到２８２条多态性片段,片段长度在２３０￣２８００ｂｐ之间,根据扩增片段的共享度计算出相对遗传距离指数,然后用ＵＰＧＭＡ和ＮＪ程序进行聚类分析,结果所显示的６种虾的亲缘     

一个皱纹盘鲍人工群体内个体大小遗传变异的RAPD分析

从以日本野生皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannui Ino)为亲本进行群体繁殖所得人工群体的子1代中分别选择大(BI)、中(ME)、小(SM)等3个子群体各20个个体，进行RAPD分析。用11条随机引物及7个双引物组合共扩增出153条DNA片段，其中总群体多态性片段数为110条，多态性片段的比例为72．37％。根据扩增片段的共享度用TFPGA软件进行计算，结果表明：(1)SM与ME的遗传距离较近，而与BI的遗传距离相差较大；(2)子群体间遗传分化系数为7．64％，表明各个子群体间在遗传上存在一定的差异，对子群体进行选择将有一定的意义；(3)各子群体表现出了丰富的遗传变异，子群体BI、ME、SM的遗传多样性分别为0．2063、0．2358和0．2363，表明BI子群体具有相对较高的纯合度，在选择育种中有较高价值。