Ecological Cost-Benefit Modelling of Herbivore Habitat Quality Degradation due to Range Fragmentation

Fragmentation of grazing ranges and ensuing rise in edge effects decrease forage range quality for large herbivores. A method is proposed to quantify, in ecological cost‐benefit terms, the negative impact of fragmentation by linear structures with special emphasis on summer ranges of semi‐domesticated reindeer (Rangifer t. tarandus). The method is also applicable to other terrestrial species and on different scales. The term ‘reachability’ is introduced for this measurement, which integrates forage quality, quantity and availability, as well as the costs of the animal's movement in a variable landscape and across fragmenting linear structures. The method uses a cost‐distance algorithm, commonly available in GIS software. Effective distances and reachability over large areas are calculated from evenly distributed sample points. Effects of varying sample point distance, fragmenting structure friction weight and density, and edge effect depth were analysed for model calibration. In an example the model was used for estimation of reachability alteration due to linear structures in the summer ranges of the Handölsdalen reindeer herding district in Sweden, where hourly GPS positions of 10 free‐ranging female reindeer were available. In these data the reindeer population density appeared to decrease up to 1 km away from roads, but no effect from hiking trails was detected. The reachability model quantified a loss of 2.2–2.7% in range quality due to range fragmentation.     

鄂西南溶洞旅游资源空间分布特征

在收集各类资料和实地调查的基础上,运用ArcGIS软件定量分析了鄂西南溶洞旅游资源的空间分布特征,总结出鄂西南溶洞旅游资源在鄂西南10个县（区）都有分布,平面上集中分布在清江、溇水、酉水和唐崖河等主要河道干流近岸地带2 500 m的范围内和其支流近岸地带1 800 m的范围内,在垂向上形成低海拔溶洞、中低海拔溶洞、中海拔溶洞、中高海拔溶洞和高海拔溶洞5级的阶梯状分布特征。      

基于DIMINE软件的某铁矿地质建模及储量估算

借助DIMINE数字矿山软件,运用矿山地质统计学方法,对辽宁某铁矿进行地质建模与铁矿资源储量估算。通过收集该铁矿的勘探钻孔孔口数据、测斜数据、样品数据及地形地质图等地质勘探资料,使用DIMINE软件完成了矿区钻孔数据库建立、样长组合、矿体及夹石三维模型、建立块段模型、TFe品位分析、储量估算,为合理开发有限资源提供科学指导。     

采空区松散堆积物注浆模型试验研究

以采空区松散堆积物为研究对象,分别设计模型箱注浆模型和压力注浆模型对浆液的扩散规律进行试验研究,探讨注浆压力、浆液水固比、孔隙率和注浆量对浆液扩散距离的影响规律。试验结果表明:注浆压力、浆液水固比、孔隙率和注浆量四个因素与浆液扩散距离之间存在定量关系,可用公式进行拟合,影响浆液扩散距离最为显著的是堆积物孔隙率,其次是注浆量和浆液水固比,注浆压力对浆液扩散距离的影响相对较小;浆液在松散堆积物中流动的压力损失是由浆液流速的不均匀性、浆液与松散堆积物的碰撞、浆液扩散时与堆积物的摩擦等原因造成的;对浆液在松散堆积物中扩散速率影响最为显著的是注浆压力,其次是堆积物孔隙率,浆液水固比影响最小。     

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基于3DMine的断面法与距离幂次反比法对比

以坦桑尼亚纳钦圭阿大型晶质石墨矿南部矿体为研究对象,基于3DMine软件平台,通过垂直断面法、距离幂次反比法进行资源量估算,对比研究2种资源量估算方法在矿体的体积、品位、资源量方面的区别。结果表明：2种估算方法体积相对误差为6.30%,品位相对误差为1.45%,资源量结果相对误差为7.83%,资源量验算结果在误差范围之内;3DMine中的断面法计算过程自动、准确、高效,利用三维模型体积替代传统公式计算体积,计算结果更加精准;采用距离幂次反比法时,运用三维模型计算矿体体积,用全局验证和交叉验证对搜索椭球体参数的合理性进行验证,最终选择最优搜索椭球体参数,是进行资源量准确估算的关键。综上所述,用距离幂次反比法估算的资源量结果更加准确,计算过程高效、便捷,并可为后期矿山数字化建设提供基础,是今后矿山发展的趋势。     

苏14-19-34井组水平井轨迹控制技术研究与应用

随着苏里格气田的深度开发,大井丛、三维水平井施工逐渐增多,增大了轨迹控制难度。丛式三维水平井存在防碰风险高,斜井段长导致摩阻和扭矩大滑动钻进困难,水平段长及产层不稳定导致钻压传递困难和井壁失稳、井壁清洁困难等问题。针对这些问题,通过优化剖面设计和钻具组合,采用盐水钻井液体系、螺杆优选及现场技术管理和操作人员精心应对,形成了配套的技术对策,有效地实现了钻井工程的安全高效。     

RANSAC估算基础矩阵的不确定性评价

RANSAC是计算机视觉领域内应用最广泛的基础矩阵估算方法,如何实现RANSAC估算基础矩阵的不确定性评价值得探讨。该文在研究RANSAC估算基础矩阵模型的基础上,提出采用基础矩阵的错误率和平均对极距离的标准差作为评价RANSAC估算基础矩阵不确定性的指标,并构建RANSAC估算基础矩阵不确定性评价方法,实现RANSAC估算基础矩阵不确定性评价。     

顾及方向遮蔽性的反距离权重插值法

针对反距离权重(IDW)空间插值在实际应用中存在的缺陷,本文对IDW插值算法进行了优化改进,提出了调和反距离权重(AIDW)空间插值方式。该插值方式在传统IDW的算式中增加了反映样点方位的调和权重系数K,其插值过程综合考虑了样点距离和样点方位对插值点的共同影响。理论分析和实例应用表明:AIDW插值方式可减小或克服样点分布不均的IDW插值缺陷,使离散点的空间插值结果更趋于合理,其等值线绘制亦可有效避免传统IDW插值中的孤立圆及同心圆现象,使等值线的绘制更接近于人工作业。