The P-wave velocity structure of the lithosphere of the North China Craton——Results from the Wendeng-Alxa Left Banner deep seismic sounding profile

For the first time on the Chinese mainland, long-range wide-angle seismic reflection/refraction profiling technology has been applied to seismic wave phases from different depths and with different attributes within the various blocks of the North China Craton to characterize the structure of the crust and upper mantle lithosphere. By comparative analysis of the seismic wave phase characteristics in each block across a 1500-km-long east-west profile, we have identified conventional Pg, Pci, PmP and Pn phases in the crust, made a clear contrast between PL1 and PL2 waves belonging to two groups of lithospheric-scale phases, and produced a model of crust-mantle velocity structures and tectonic characteristics after one- and two-dimensional calculations and processing. The results show that the thickness of the crust and lithosphere gradually deepens from east to west along the profile. However, at the reflection/refraction interface, seismic waves in each group show obvious localized changes in each block. Also, the depth to the crystalline basement changes greatly, from as much as 7.8 km in the North China fault basin to only about 2 km beneath the Jiaodong Peninsula and Taihang-Lüliang area. The Moho morphology as a whole ranges from shallow in the east to deep in the west, with the deepest point in the Ordos Block at 47 km; in contrast, the North China Plain Block is uplifting. The L1 interface of the lithosphere is observed only to the west of Taihang Mountains, at a relatively slowly changing depth of about 80 km. The L2 interface varies from 75 to 160 km and shows a sharp deepening to the west of Taihang Mountains, forming a mutation belt.     

一种可存储路径的三维非均质空间最短距离场生成算法

针对成矿定量预测强调三维空间信息综合研究的特殊需求和地质要素定量表达难、深层次信息挖掘难等关键问题,笔者提出了一种基于三维非均质地质空间的最短距离场算法,并且可回溯出目标体元到源体元的最短路径.应用该方法实现了对某铜矿区三维地质实体模型深层次和组合信息的挖掘,在反映断层对地质空间分划作用的基础上,建立了侵入岩体的最短距离场,可用于对侵入岩体热力场和围岩蚀变等问题的分析.     

Empirical relationships between natural vibration period and height of buildings in Singapore

Singapore is a classic case of a modern metropolis with low hazard but high exposure to the seismicity in Sumatra. Because of land shortage, more than 80% of the population lives in high‐rise residential buildings. As part of the efforts to assess the seismic performance of buildings in Singapore subjected to long‐distance Sumatran earthquakes, relationships between the natural vibration period and height of high‐rise public residential buildings in Singapore are derived empirically by conducting ambient vibration tests on 116 buildings. The measured buildings have a height ranging from 4 to 30 stories. The aspect ratio of buildings in plan is found to be insignificant in affecting the natural vibration period of the first mode of the buildings. The period‐height relationships are derived using regression analysis considering the site properties of a building. It is concluded that the vibration periods estimated from the proposed period‐height relationship for buildings located at soft‐soil site are about 40% longer than the vibration periods estimated for buildings located at firm‐soil site. Measurements are also conducted to study the influence of buildings on the measured frequency of the surrounding soil. For this purpose, two buildings with 25 and 30 stories located at firm‐soil site and soft‐soil site, respectively, are selected. It is found that the distance of building influence on the measured frequency of the surrounding soil may reach up to one building height for a firm‐soil site and two building heights for a soft‐soil site. Additional data of natural vibration periods of 19 instrumented residential buildings, which have height ranging from 9 to 30 stories, were obtained from the building response recorded during the September 30, 2009 Sumatran earthquake event. The natural vibration periods of these buildings are compared with those estimated using the proposed period‐height relationships, and the absolute differences are found to be less than 12%. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Helioseismic Travel-Time Definitions and Sensitivity to Horizontal Flows Obtained from Simulations of Solar Convection

We study the sensitivity of wave travel times to steady and spatially homogeneous horizontal flows added to a realistic simulation of the solar convection performed by Robert F. Stein, Ake Nordlund, Dali Georgobiani, and David Benson. Three commonly used definitions of travel times are compared. We show that the relationship between travel-time difference and flow amplitude exhibits a non-linearity depending on the travel distance, the travel-time definition considered, and the details of the time – distance analysis (in particular, the impact of the phase-speed filter width). For times measured using a Gabor wavelet fit, the travel-time differences become nonlinear in the flow strength for flows of about 300 m s⁻¹, and this non-linearity reaches almost 60% at 1200 m s⁻¹ (relative difference between actual travel time and expected time for a linear behavior). We show that for travel distances greater than about 17 Mm, the ray approximation predicts the sensitivity of travel-time shifts to uniform flows. For smaller distances, the ray approximation can be inaccurate by more than a factor of three.     

反应谱对构造环境剪应力场的依赖性

在以前理论工作的基础上, 导出了构造环境剪应力值对反应谱的影响. 在美国知名学者Boore等建立的预测公式BJF94的基础上, 提出了新的预测公式CLB20. 在CLB20中引进了应力场量值tau;0对SA的影响项. BJF94主要是基于美国西部的强震观测资料作出的经验预测公式, 而SEA99是基于全球张性地区的强震观测资料作出的预测公式. 我们把两者的预测结果进行了全面的比较, 发现BJF94的预测值lg(Y) 减去0.16个对数单位后, 与SEA99的预测值十分接近. 这说明张性地区的 lg(Y) 较小; 地区性差异主要表现在构造环境剪应力场的差异上. 如果这个因素在预测公式中能得到适当体现, 同时预测公式中的震级标度都用全球统一的矩震级, 距离都使用多数人倾向使用的断层投影距, 那么预测公式的地区性差异将大大减轻, 以至最后消失, 有可能构造出全球适用的预测公式. 我们的抗震设计直接引用美国研究者发表的反应谱衰减结果（例如BJF94和SEA99）, 不会导致太大的误差.       

真空预压法加固软土地基施工有关问题的讨论

对真空预压法软基加固施工中某些工序或工艺存在的问题做一简要的概述,提出相应的观点和解决办法,同时对此法施工中影响边界以外建筑的影响距离做了初步探讨,以期今后施工引起注意.     

利用稳健WTLS方法进行三维激光扫描标靶球定位

针对标靶球定位缺少有效的确定协因数阵方法的问题,顾及点到平面的距离反映了点与平面的相关性及入射角对点云数据点位精度的影响,将两者推广到三维激光扫描标靶球定位中。以距离、先验入射角确定各点协因数值,并给出观测向量协因数阵及系数矩阵协因数阵,利用稳健加权总体最小二乘方法进行标靶球定位。实例表明,以距离确定协因数阵的稳健加权总体最小二乘方法解算标靶球参数估计比其他方法更精确。     

近年来升金湖自然保护区土地利用空间格局变化特征分析

根据1995、2000、2005、2009、2013年Landsat影像,利用监督分类方法（平行六面体、最大似然、最小距离、马氏距离）进行解译,利用高分一号影像对不同解译方法进行评价,确定最优解译方法。利用最优解译方法解译得到升金湖保护区5个时期的土地利用图。在此基础上利用ArcGIS景观格局分析工具,通过分析其水域面积、图斑数、破碎度等要素,得出不同时期的土地利用和景观格局变化。土地利用变化是自然因素和人为因素综合作用的结果,利用对近20年土地利用空间格局变化特征分析的研究,为区域土地利用开发和资源的可持续发展提供依据。