Dynamic domain kinematic modelling for predicting interflow over leaky impeding layers

Traditional Boussinesq or kinematic simulations of interflow (i.e., lateral subsurface flow) assume no leakage through the impeding layer and require a no-flow boundary condition at the ridge top. However, recent analyses of many interflow-producing landscapes indicate that leaky impeding layers are common, that most interflow percolates well before reaching the toe slope, and therefore, the downslope contributing length is shorter than the hillslope length. In watersheds characterised by perched interflow over a low conductivity layer through permeable topsoil, interflow with percolation may be modelled with a kinematic wave model using a mobile upslope boundary condition defining the hillslope portion contributing interflow to valleys. Here, we developed and applied a dynamic interflow model to simulate interflow using a downslope travel distance concept such that only the active contributing length is modelled at any time. The model defines a variable active area based on the depth of the perched layer, the topographic slope and the ratio of the hydraulic conductivity of topsoil to that of the impeding layer. It incorporates a two-layer soil moisture accounting water balance analysis, a pedo-transfer function, and percolation and evaporation routines to predict interflow rates in continuous and event-based scenarios. We tested the modelling concept on two sets of data (2-year dataset of rainfall observations for the continuous simulation and a multi-day irrigation experiment for the event simulation) from a 121-m-long open interflow collection trench on an experimental hillslope at the Savannah River Site, South Carolina. The continuous model simulation partially represented the observed interflow hydrograph and perched water depth in the experimental hillslope with correlation coefficients of 0.85 and 0.35, respectively. Model performance improved significantly at event-scale analysis. The modelling approach realistically represents interflow dynamics in hillslopes with leaky impeding layers and can be integrated into catchment-scale hydrology models for more detailed hillslope process modelling.     

钻孔应变台站记震能力研究

以昌平台体应变为例,研究了体现钻孔应变台站记震能力的方法,并对计算步骤和处理方法进行了说明.选取20套中国大陆观测时间较长且数据较好的钻孔体应变仪观测记录作为研究对象,计算出其各自的记震能力线,给出各台对6级地震的响应范围.此公式不仅可以量化钻孔应变仪的对地震的反应能力,而且是对地震仪器的一种新的科学评估方法.同时,基于地震前兆释放能量小于地震发生时释放的能量的基本理解,此结果对于确定地震前兆的位置和震级范围也有参考价值.     

Aeolian dust transportation and deposition by near-surface winds in arid and semiarid China

Dustfall collections were carried out in April and May 2001 and in March 2002 at six sites in northern China.Our results showed that the total deposition of dust fractions 250 μm in diameter and the deposition of Fe both decreased exponentially with increasing distances from the source areas,and that the half-attenuation distance (HAD) for dust deposition was about 229 km in this re-gion.The HAD was closely related to the grain-size distribution of the dust,and the 15 to 20 μm fractions had the longest HAD.However,the fractions 15 μm in diameter can be easily adsorbed to coarse particles and deposited after only short distances,and the HAD for the fractions 15 to 100 μm in diameter showed a power relationship with the grain-size distribution.The HAD for Fe deposition was 233 km,which was a little longer than that of total dust deposition,which suggests that the Fe content is higher in fine particles than in coarse particles,as previous studies have suggested.In addition,our analysis showed that under the control of current climatic conditions,the coarse fractions in dust derived from northwestern China cannot be transported over long distances,instead,it is transported primarily by near-surface winds (3 km above the ground).The Fe in aeolian dust generated from arid and semiarid regions of China and deposited in the North Pacific region is usually transported by the upper westerlies.     

中国资本市场中心对各地资本市场发展影响的距离衰减实证

基于空间邻接关系,定义了我国各省级行政区域的相对距离,通过各地上市公司数量及各地与资本市场中心相对距离的数量分析,揭示资本市场空间配置对各地资本市场发展水平的影响,指出资本市场中心对各地资本市场发展的影响存在显著的距离衰减现象,我国两个资本市场中心分布对区域资本市场发展程度存在显著影响,区域经济发展水平与资本市场中心位置相互作用共同影响区域资本市场的发展水平。     

2008年汶川地震近断层竖向与水平向地震动特征

选取分布在北川-映秀中央断裂两侧断层距120 km以内的40个强震动台站的记录,对汶川地震近断层地震动竖向和水平向加速度峰值、速度峰值、竖向和水平向加速度反应谱及谱比值进行了统计分析.研究表明:(1)地震动加速度峰值有显著的上盘效应,经验衰减模型的结果表明,在距地表破裂3~60 km的范围内,龙门山发震断层上盘一侧竖向与水平向的加速度峰值要比衰减模型得到的平均值大30%~40%.上盘的加速度峰值残差大部分是正值,而断层下盘残差大部分为负;水平地震动的东西分量幅值总体要大于南北分量,东西分量衰减相对较慢.(2)地震动长周期成分较弱,加速度反应谱值随周期增大而迅速减小,在周期1.0 s 时,即使在靠近中央断裂的最大加速度反应谱值也只有0.5 g;地震动加速度反应谱谱比值(竖向/水平向)沿龙门山断层周围的分布,在较长周期(T=0.2 s, 0.5 s, 1.0 s)与短周期(T=0.05 s, 0.1 s)有明显的不同.(3)近断层竖向地震动显著,地震动加速度峰值比在(竖向/水平向)可达1.4.在龙门山发震断层的上盘,地震动加速度峰值比整体上比下盘要大,竖向地震动尤为剧烈.部分近断层记录的地震动谱比值(竖向/水平向)在短周期(< 0.1 s)甚至超过1.5,统计分析还表明谱比值在短周期段(< 0.1 s)随断层距的增大而减小.     

PGV/PGA和PGD/PGA随震级和震中距变化的研究

以太平洋地震工程研究中心(PEER)和强震动观测系统组织委员会(COSMOS)记录的13次地震的486个台站的三分量地震动峰值数据为基础,按照震级和震中距大小将其分类,得到地震动的峰值比PGV/PGA和PGD/PGA与震级和震中距的关系。结果表明:峰值比随着震级的增大而增大,随着震中距的增大也增大。最后给出了峰值比与震级和震中距的衰减关系,以供抗震设计参考使用。     

城际集装箱交流枢纽的识别及其物流特征——以中国铁路运输为例

集装箱流反映了城市间的经济联系,枢纽城市在区域经济网络中具有重要地位,主导着物流网络的运行。依据图论原理,构筑了枢纽城市的识别模型,融合了城市交流的直接联系和间接联系,对集装箱枢纽进行识别,发现中国形成了21 个集装箱枢纽,以沿海港口城市为主,枢纽牵引的集装箱交流体系显示“区域-门户”空间结构明显。然后分析了枢纽集装箱流的距离衰减规律,采用Pareto 和Newling 模型进行拟合,确定了主要衰减参数,Pareto 模型的衰减系数b 显示其数值越高,集装箱牵系的城市影响越限于近距离,Newling 模型的递增系数b1为正值说明枢纽附近存在影响塌陷区,最高影响不邻近枢纽。同时依据有向图的矢量属性揭示了枢纽集装箱流的集散规律,发现枢纽城市的辐射力和吸引力呈明显的非均衡性,邻近地区形成影响塌陷区,一定距离范围内形成主影响区,各枢纽的本底决定了其主影响区明显不同,虽然各城市的辐射峰值和吸引峰值不同,但其集聚和扩散通道往往一致。     

基于距离与规模的中国城市体系规模结构

城市规模结构是城市体系研究的重要内容。经济基础理论相关的研究忽视了城市体系中某一城市规模往往受到其他城市规模、距离的影响。本文以第五次人口普查的"市人口"作为城市人口规模标度指标,以铁路运行距离为两城市间距离的标度指标,证明了距离要素对解释中国城市体系结节结构的有效性。讨论了全国城市体系、北方城市、南方城市体系中城市i的规模P_i与最近距离城市n的规模P_n、城市体系首位城市s的规模P_s、区域中心城市c的规模P_c,及与相应城市间距离D_in、D_is、D_ic的定量关系,以及D_in及其位序的定量关系。研究发现:(1)全国城市体系中,P_i可以用P_n、D_in、D_ic来说明,其中,P_n、D_in为正向影响,D_ic为负向影响,P_n影响最大,D_in次之,D_ic再次之。(2)北方城市体系中,P_n、D_in、P_c均对P_i有正向影响,D_in影响力最大,P_n次之,P_c再次之。(3)南方城市体系中P_i的解释因素及各因素的重要性与全国城市体系相同。南方城市体系与北方城市体系中P_i的解释因素的差异性源自南方城市体系中D_ic、P_c/P_i较小。(4)D_in与其位序R间存在与城市位序-规模律相同的内在定量关系。     

三维锥束代数重建算法的投影排序方案

代数重建算法中的投影访问顺序对重建图像的收敛速度和精度有很大的影响。针对三维锥束代数重建算法,比较了几种投影序列排序方案的重建图像收敛速度:顺序访问方案,多水平级排序方案,素数分解排序方案,加权距离排序方案。通过仿真实验得到的实验结果表明:在三维锥束ART算法中按照后三种投影序列排序方案排序后的图像重建比顺序访问方案的收敛速度快,并且WDS排序方案的收敛速度最好。     

西藏地区雪灾等级评估研究

建立了基于距离函数的雪灾等级评估模型,采用此模型对1979-2013年西藏地区39个站点筛选出的370次雪灾个例进行等级评估。结果如下：一级和二级雪灾占绝大多数,三、四级雪灾出现的次数相对较少。春季发生雪灾的次数最多,其次为冬季,夏季只有9次一级雪灾发生。1979-2013年,三级雪灾出现的次数在减少。20世纪90年代以前三级雪灾多发生在冬季,以后三级雪灾多发生在春季。四级雪灾在20世纪90年代发生的次数最多,且持续时间较长,大多发生在冬季,21世纪以来有所减少,雪灾发生在秋季和冬季的次数相当。