河南夏馆—高丘盆地夏馆组无脊椎动物化石的新发现及地层划分对比

河南夏馆-高丘盆地出露一套富含恐龙蛋和恐龙骨骼化石的红色陆源碎屑岩系。20世纪70年代末,赵资奎(1979)将含蛋"红层"时代归为"白垩纪"。此后,该套"红层"曾称"高沟组"和"马家村组"、"桑坪组"、"夏馆组",但均没有测制正式地层剖面,无专门论文发表,原因是除恐龙(诸葛南阳龙)和恐龙蛋化石外,基本没有发现可资确定地层时代的无脊椎动物和植物化石。近年来,除新发现"河南宝天曼龙"外,2011年作者测制了系统剖面,并寻找到介形类、双壳类、腹足类、轮藻和植物大化石,有条件正式建立"夏馆组"组级地层单位并进行地层划分和对比。"夏馆组"的时代应为土伦(Turonian)中—晚期至坎潘(Campanian)中期。     

Analysis of the Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake’s Co-seismic Stress and Displacement Change by Using the Finite Element Method

The variation of in situ stress before and after earthquakes is an issue studied by geologists. In this paper, on the basis of the fault slip dislocation model of Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake, the changes of co-seismic displacement and the distribution functions of stress tensor around the Longmen Shan fault zone are calculated. The results show that the co-seismic maximum surface displacement is 4.9 m in the horizontal direction and 6.5 m in the vertical direction, which is almost consistent with the on-site survey and GPS observations. The co-seismic maximum horizontal stress in the hanging wall and footwall decreased sharply as the distance from the Longmen Shan fault zone increased. However, the vertical stress and minimum horizontal stress increased in the footwall and in some areas of the hanging wall. The study of the co-seismic displacement and stress was mainly focused on the long and narrow region along the Longmen Shan fault zone, which coincides with the distribution of the earthquake aftershocks. Therefore, the co-seismic stress only affects the aftershocks, and does not affect distant faults and seismic activities. The results are almost consistent with in situ stress measurements at the two sites before and after Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake. Along the fault plane, the co-seismic shear stress in the dip direction is larger than that in the strike direction, which indicates that the faulting mechanism of the Longmen Shan fault zone is a dominant thrust with minor strike-slipping. The results can be used as a reference value for future studies of earthquake mechanisms.     

牵引式滑坡的破坏机制及其加固措施探讨 ——以某高速公路牵引式滑坡为例

牵引式滑坡在山区公路滑坡中占有相当的比重,其治理工程往往耗资巨大、环境破坏严重。针对某高速公路牵引式滑坡,通过地质调查、变形迹象分析、岩土体应力-应变分析及数值模拟等方法,指出具体破坏机制为：（1）坡脚开挖致使阻滑关键块体缺失,应力集中导致剪切应变软化;（2）地表降水与地下水对岩土体物理力学性能的改造;（3）滑体变形不协调,导致拉裂缝产生,滑坡后缘得以继续向后扩展。目前监测表明,已施工的组合加固措施效果良好。最后讨论挖方引起的牵引式滑坡的工程地质特征,对牵引式滑坡进行评价应坚持安全系数分区原则,滑坡总体加固应按安全系数控制,同时对后缘加固按位移控制。     

NBB-390～52/11～8型变量泥浆泵的研制与应用

为了满足深层岩心钻探的需要,在分析了目前市场上现有同类泥浆泵的优缺点的基础上,提出了新型泥浆泵主要应解决的问题;介绍了NBB-390～52/11～8型变量泥浆泵的主要组成部分、特点、技术参数以及试验情况。     

具有测量扭转方位的滑坡深部位移监测仪器研制

探索研发为滑坡地质灾害预警监测所需用的一种具有测量扭转方位的滑坡深部位移监测仪器,采用具有测量扭转方位、深部位移的传感器和数据采集,对滑坡体滑动全过程进行跟踪监测,研究滑坡体在突发性滑动前后扭转方位、深部位移的变化过程和规律。研究自动监测和无线上网技术,实现对滑坡体滑动扭转方位、深部位移变化情况的全程实时监测,解决以往不能对滑坡体滑动扭转方位、深部位移全程实时监测的问题,推动滑坡地质灾害监测技术进步。     

利用 FLAC 3D 对基坑支护数值模拟分析

FLAC 3D 是岩土工程中广泛应用的软件。本文以某地区基坑为背景,进行土钉墙支护设计,并利用 FLAC 3D 软件对土钉墙支护前后进行数值模拟。在基坑开挖完成后,边墙位移一般为 20 ～ 40 cm,最大位移为 45 cm。采用土钉墙支护后,边墙的位移为 2 ～ 4 cm,最大位移为 6 cm。对比表明,土钉墙支护能够有效的阻止基坑的变形,维持基坑的稳定。同时,根据土钉的轴力分布特征,分析基坑在不采取支护措施的情况下将发生滑移破坏。     

The use of post-earthquake residual displacements as a performance indicator in seismic assessment

A new post-earthquake seismic performance assessment method for structures which takes into account residual displacements is proposed. The post-earthquake residual displacements and the observable damage to the structure are considered to obtain improved estimates of the maximum deformations that took place during the earthquake. The improved estimates of the maximum deformations are expected to yield a better picture of the extent of damage to the structure. As a result, better informed decisions regarding the post-earthquake usability and repairability of the structure can be taken. Both the uncertainties associated with the structural properties and the probable errors owing to the imperfectness of the analytical models are considered in the proposed method. A trial application of the method to a real structure tested on a shaking table is presented.     

北京某深基坑复合土钉墙支护受力监测及分析

通过对某深基坑开挖及支护过程中土钉钢筋受力、锚索轴力及坡顶水平位移情况进行监测,并通过对土钉拉筋受力特征、锚索轴力特征、坡顶水平位移监测值特征及其相互关系进行系统分析,将其与传统的受力模型进行对比,解析了该基坑在此方面的普遍性与特殊性,为今后类似工程提供借鉴。     

面向等高线与河流冲突处理的多约束移位方法

本文针对等高线与河流的不一致性问题,以移位等高线匹配河流为出发点,提出一种对每个特征点动态确定仿射变换模型进行移位的方法。该方法综合考虑移位角度比例、地形特征点相对位置、局部形态的保持和变换等因素,对各特征点实时计算其位移的角度、位置和缩放变化等约束建立其移位模型。实验结果表明,本文提出的方法能够较好地实现等高线到河流的一致性改正,可有效解决等高线与河流数据的空间匹配问题。     

Modelling the impacts of cropland displacement on potential cereal production with four levels of China’s administrative boundaries

Cropland displacement, as an important characteristic of cropland change, places more emphasis on changes in spatial location than on quantity. The effects of cropland displacement on global and regional food production are of general concern in the context of urban expansion. Few studies have explored scale-effects, however, where cropland is displaced not only within, but also outside, the administrative boundary of a certain region. This study used a spatially explicit model (LANDSCAPE) to simulate the potential cropland displacement caused by urban land expansion from 2020 to 2040 at four scales of the Chinese administration system (national, provincial, municipal, and county levels). The corresponding changes in potential cereal production were then assessed by combining cereal productivity data. The results show that 4700 km² of cropland will be occupied by urban expansion by 2040, and the same amount of cropland will be supplemented by forest, grassland, wetland, and unused land. The potential loss of cropland will result in the loss of 3.838×10⁶ tons of cereal production, and the additional cropland will bring 3.546×10⁶ tons, 3.831×10⁶ tons, 3.836×10⁶ tons, and 3.528×10⁶ tons of potential cereal production in SN (national scale), SP (provincial scale), SM (municipal scale), and SC (county scale), respectively. Both SN and SC are observed to make a huge difference in cereal productivity between the lost and the supplemented cropland. We suggest that China should focus on the spatial allocation of cropland during large-scale displacement, especially at the national level.