Regional difference in social capital and its impact on regional economic growth in China

Social capital has played an increasingly important role in regional development. China is a country with high stocks of social capital. Using several different indicators of social capital, this study tries to research the regional disparities in social capital and the influence of social capital on economic growth of China in 1978–2004. Measuring social capital with indicators of associations, charities and blood donation rates, this study finds significant regional disparities in social capital at provincial level in China. Those indicators for social capital are highly correlated with regional economic performance. Statistical analysis shows that social capital has a significant and positive effect on a long-term provincial economic growth. This relationship exists after controlling policy, macro location factors, and per capita GDP in the initial year. The empirical findings indicate that institutions, culture and social relations are critical for regional development in China. Therefore, the creation and support of social capital should be paid more attention to when making regional policy.     

三峡库区农业生态经济系统的预警分析

从系统与环境相统一的角度,研究了农业生态经济系统的模型、特征、预警分析的意义和内容;以三峡库区为例,从系统序化的观点,确定了这个系统的社会、经济、环境功能和状态的主要指标的警戒线;并与这些指标的现状、过去与未来趋势值进行对比;分别对现状预警、趋势预警和突变预警进行了评价;最后作了简易的对策探讨．     

中国经济空间格局演化与区域产业变迁——基于1952～2010年省区经济份额变动的实证分析

从区域经济份额变化出发,分析了1952~2010年中国经济空间格局的演化过程。通过有序样本聚类的方法,将省区经济份额变动划分了8个阶段,并采用偏离-份额法分析了不同阶段驱动省区经济份额上升的产业及其变迁,以及与区域产业结构和竞争优势变化的关系。研究发现,1949年以来中国区域经济布局总体上经历了沿海-内地均衡发展、沿海化非均衡发展以及东、中、西部相对均衡发展的过程,且整体上区域经济份额变动趋于减小。1979年以前,不同区域的经济份额在不同阶段变化差异较大,主要由第一和第二产业驱动。1979年以后,区域经济格局呈现明显的沿海化趋势,但驱动产业在不同阶段有所变化。2001年以来,中国区域经济格局经历了重大调整,经济份额上升的省区明显由东部向中、西部地区转移。东部省区在第二产业上仍具有明显的结构优势,但第二产业竞争优势已由东部向中、西部地区转移。东部的北京、上海、广东在第三产业上呈现更加显著的结构优势,显示出结构升级和服务化的发展态势。     

岩土工程实现规模经营,扩大工程市场服务功能,争取更大的经济效益

地矿部吉林地勘避自八十年代初开始推向地质市场，迄今已十多年，服务领域日益扩大，但根据当前市场发展的趋向，必须走视规模经营的路子，引进，更新技术装备，扩大工程市场的服务功能和占有率，才能获得更大的经济效益。     

经济全球化下地方生产网络模式演变分析——以中国为例

作为地方生产网络的主体 ,在经济全球化下 ,企业行为是全球化力量和地方化力量共同作用的结果。其中 ,全球化力量促使了企业生产要素可以跨越时间和空间障碍 ,在所有区位自由布局 ;地方化力量则使企业生产活动依然受到地方经济基础和制度文化背景的影响。本文认为经济全球化下地方生产网络是全球性企业和地方性企业战略行为博弈的结果。全球性企业和地方性企业的战略行为不同 ,其对全球生产网络和地方生产网络的影响也不同。本文从企业行为博弈的角度来分析经济全球化下 ,地方性生产企业的行为选择及其导致的地方生产网络变化 ,并以目前我国常见的三种地方生产网络演变模式为例 ,进行实证分析。     

Age and impacts of the caldera-forming Aniakchak II eruption in western Alaska

The mid-Holocene eruption of Aniakchak volcano (Aniakchak II) in southwest Alaska was among the largest eruptions globally in the last 10,000 years (VEI-6). Despite evidence for possible impacts on global climate, the precise age of the eruption is not well-constrained and little is known about regional environmental impacts. A closely spaced sequence of radiocarbon dates at a peatland site over 1000 km from the volcano show that peat accumulation was greatly reduced with a hiatus of approximately 90–120 yr following tephra deposition. During this inferred hiatus no paleoenvironmental data are available but once vegetation returned the flora changed from a Cyperaceae-dominated assemblage to a Poaceae-dominated vegetation cover, suggesting a drier and/or more nutrient-rich ecosystem. Oribatid mites are extremely abundant in the peat at the depth of the ash, and show a longer-term, increasingly wet peat surface across the tephra layer. The radiocarbon sample immediately below the tephra gave a date of 1636–1446 cal yr BC suggesting that the eruption might be younger than previously thought. Our findings suggest that the eruption may have led to a widespread reduction in peatland carbon sequestration and that the impacts on ecosystem functioning were profound and long-lasting.     

Marine conservation challenges in an era of economic crisis and geopolitical instability: The case of the Mediterranean Sea

In the Mediterranean Sea, socio-economic drivers may accelerate the process of exclusive economic zone (EEZ) declarations. Despite the challenges, the EEZ declarations may provide important opportunities for leveraging change to national policy towards the development of large-scale conservation of marine ecosystems and biodiversity in this zone. Using the Mediterranean Sea as a case study, we aim to highlight a set of best practices that will maximize the potential for the development of large-scale marine conservation initiatives. These include a range of approaches, such as using surrogates to fill the many biodiversity data gaps in the region, further the development of consistent and open access databases, and the utilization of technological developments to improve monitoring, research and surveillance of less accessible and under-explored marine areas. The integration of Mediterranean-wide and local conservation efforts, the facilitation of transboundary collaboration, and the establishment of regional funds for conservation will further enhance opportunities for marine conservation in this region.     

GDP and employment effects of policies to close the 2020 emissions gap

Four policies might close the gap between the global GHG emissions expected for 2020 on the basis of current (2013) policies and the reduced emissions that will be needed if the long-term global temperature increase can be kept below the 2 °C internationally agreed limit. The four policies are (1) specific energy efficiency measures, (2) closure of the least-efficient coal-fired power plants, (3) minimizing methane emissions from upstream oil and gas production, and (4) accelerating the (partial) phase-out of subsidies to fossil-fuel consumption. In this article we test the hypothesis of the International Energy Agency (IEA) that these policies will not result in a loss of gross domestic product (GDP) and we estimate their employment effects using the E3MG global macro-econometric model. Using a set of scenarios we assess each policy individually and then consider the outcomes if all four policies were implemented simultaneously. We find that the policies are insufficient to close the emissions gap, with an overall emission reduction that is 30% less than that found by the IEA. World GDP is 0.5% higher in 2020, with about 6 million net jobs created by 2020 and unemployment reduced.

Policy relevance

The gap between GHG emissions expected under the Copenhagen and Cancun Agreements and that needed for emissions trajectories to have a reasonable chance of reaching the 2 °C target requires additional policies if it is to be closed. This article uses a global simulation model E3MG to analyse a set of policies proposed by the IEA to close the gap and assesses their macroeconomic effects as well as their feasibility in closing the gap. It complements the IEA assessment by estimating the GDP and employment implications separately by the different policies year by year to 2020, by major industries, and by 21 world regions.     

Marine protected areas in Australia: Towards a coordinated rock lobster industry position

Plans by government to accelerate the establishment of a national representative system of marine protected areas (NRSMPAs) in Australia have caused increasing disquiet within the fishing industry. Rock lobster fishers have raised concerns regarding plans to establish large “multiple‐use” MPAs that may or may not contain a substantial no‐take component in the continental shelf waters adjacent to the coast. Key industry concerns including the potential impacts on present and future harvest rates are examined. The industry response to government MPA policy in each of the major jurisdictions is outlined. An industry position developed at the National Rock Lobster Congress in Perth, Western Australia (September 2003) is put forward. The position advocates the need for an adjustment scheme to account for displaced effort, the need for government commitment to the development of management plans that include the long‐term monitoring of all MPAs, and the need for a thorough risk assessment process to be conducted before the establishment of an MPA. The issues raised in this paper should be relevant to the establishment of MPAs in an international context.     

从《徐霞客游记》看明末南方的社会经济生活——纪念徐霞客逝世350周年

本文以《徐霞客游记》为依据,对明末南方的社会经济生活状况进行了初步归纳和分析,以揭示徐霞客对我国人文地理学的突出贡献。