脆性岩石侧向变形特征及损伤机理研究

进行了三峡花岗岩常规三轴压缩、保持轴向应变和保持轴向应力的卸围压试验,研究了脆性岩石在不同应力路径和不同加载控制方式下的侧向变形特征,可见临界侧向应变均稳定在（?0.004 ? 0.000 5）范围内。进一步进行三峡花岗岩的全过程应力-应变曲线和损伤力学分析,发现脆性岩石在不同应力路径和不同加载控制方式下均以侧向损伤为主,且侧向损伤曲线的形态近似,达到临界破坏状态时损伤值稳定在0.7?0.8左右。最后以侧向损伤变量表征花岗岩脆性破坏过程,建立了基于应变空间的、可以考虑卸荷应力路径的损伤模型和应变型破坏准则。     

地名识别与匹配的概率统计方法

建立了一个试验用地名库和地理语料库,在此基础上构建对地名用字可信度的统计分析模型。通过分析地名在中文文档中的使用习惯和规律,总结出经常与地名一起使用的且具有地名指示含义的辅助字或词,以此为基础建立地名识别辅助词词库和地名识别的规则库。对地名库和地理语料库的用字进行统计分析,通过设定地名用字可信度概率阈值和辅助词指示作用对文本中潜在地名进行初步的筛选形成候选地名;在粗筛选产生的候选地名基础上结合地名识别规则进一步确认,以提高地名识别的准确率。     

某数字城市实景影像数据采集方案设计

随着测绘科技、计算机及网络技术的飞速发展,完全基于4D数据构建的数字城市已不能适应信息时代对于属性信息"准、全、新"的要求。可量测立体影像和360°全景影像数据将原来地理信息数据由4D上升到5D,弥补了4D数据的缺憾。本文主要介绍了这两种数据外业采集和内业处理的方法和过程,对未来数字城市建设数据采集方法的改进有一定的参考价值。     

大埋深条件下降雨入渗补给的初步分析

运用SWAP模型对太行山山前平原--河北省栾城县田间土壤水分运动进行了数值模拟.从土水势及土壤含水量等方面,初步分析了降雨灌溉入渗补给条件下土壤水分运动的规律.通过分析和讨论,探求了大埋深条件下降雨入渗过程,初步揭示了降雨入渗对地下水位变化的影响.     

水下岩质边坡稳定性的模型试验研究

随着三峡水利建设工程的进行,许多原本位于水面以上且已趋于稳定的人工或自然岩质边坡将被淹没,导致边坡稳定性降低,而水的压力、冲击、渗流和侵蚀等综合作用,给下岩质边坡的稳定性带来大量的不确定性。基于已有的水下土质边坡稳定性试验和水下岩质边坡有限元分析,进行水下岩质边坡模型试验研究,探讨在水位升降水过程中和波浪作用下水下岩质边坡的稳定性和破坏机制。将结构面为30°和50°的两种岩质边坡模型布置在人工水槽中,采用波流系统进行水位升降水波浪冲击试验,量测岩质边坡的应力变化。通过分析边坡各测点应力变化,得出了一些有意义的结论：（1）把边坡前部岩体划分成3个区域,每个区域内应力变化规律相同;（2）水下岩质边坡坡脚处应力集中最大,破坏始于坡脚,并由此产生的塑性区沿结构面逐渐同坡顶发展,这与一般边坡从坡顶逐渐向下发展的开裂破坏形式完全不同;（3）波浪对水下岩质边坡结构面的影响,将随其倾角的变小而减弱。     

Neoproterozoic granites of the Lajeado intrusive suite,north-center Brazil: A late Ediacaran remelting of a Paleoproterozoic crust

In north-central Brazil, a number of granite plutons, which intrude Paleoproterozoic gneiss-granulite terrains of the Goiás Massif, crop out along a thermal axis parallel to the Transbrasiliano Lineament. Single zircon lead evaporation ages from three granitic bodies span between 552 and 545 Ma. Sm–Nd model ages (T_DM) vary between 2.1 and 1.7 Ga and negative εNd_{(0.55 Ga)} values between −10 and −13 show that Paleoproterozoic crust was involved in the genesis of these granites. These plutons, which form the Lajeado Intrusive Suite are part of an important Ediacaran magmatic event in central-northern of the Tocantins Tectonic Province, composed of metaluminous to slightly peraluminous granites with geochemical characteristics similar to A-type granites, whose crystallization occurred under low water activity during magmatic emplacement. The granitic intrusive bodies are related to a crustal extensional/transtensional tectonic event at the end of the Neoproterozoic. They may have connection with the granitic plutons of similar age (0.56–0.52 Ga) in northwestern Ceará state, on the other side of the Paleozoic Parnaíba Basin in northwest of Borborema Province, along the Transbrasiliano Lineament.     

应用最优化模型分析活断层与地震的关系

文中应用基于“多态”前兆模式及效能评价的最优效能单项模型参数选择方法,分析了3个地震带活断层(Qp3—Qh)与地震(M≥6)空间分布之间的关系。结果表明,河套地震带地震较集中分布在距断层20km的范围内,用其对6级以上地震进行地点预测有较高的准确性,R值达0.5,而对祁连山地震带30km范围内地震的发生地点进行预测,R值却仅为0.14     

Modelling atmospheric and hydrologic processes for assessment of meadow restoration impact on flow and sediment in a sparsely gauged California watershed

The restoration of meadowland using the pond and plug technique of gully elimination was performed in a 9‐mile segment along Last Chance Creek, Feather River Basin, California, in order to rehabilitate floodplain functions such as mitigating floods, retaining groundwater, and reducing sediment yield associated with bank erosion and to significantly alter the hydrologic regime. However, because the atmospheric and hydrological conditions have evolved over the restoration period, it was difficult to obtain a comprehensible evaluation of the impact of restoration activities by means of field measurements. In this paper, a new use of physically based models for environmental assessment is described. The atmospheric conditions over the sparsely gauged Last Chance Creek watershed (which does not have any precipitation or weather stations) during the combined historical critical dry and wet period (1982–1993) were reconstructed over the whole watershed using the atmospheric fifth‐generation mesoscale model driven with the US National Center for Atmospheric Research and US National Center for Environmental Prediction reanalysis data. Using the downscaled atmospheric data as its input, the watershed environmental hydrology (WEHY) model was applied to this watershed. All physical parameters of the WEHY model were derived from the existing geographic information system and satellite‐driven data sets. By comparing the prerestoration and postrestoration simulation results under the identical atmospheric conditions, a more complete environmental assessment of the restoration project was made. Model results indicate that the flood peak may be reduced by 10–20% during the wet year and the baseflow may be enhanced by 10–20% during the following dry seasons (summer to fall) in the postrestoration condition. The model results also showed that the hydrologic impact of the land management associated with the restoration mitigates bank erosion and sediment discharge during winter storm events. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

动力作用下砂土的残余体变及其时域连续模型

通过对砂土动力剪切荷载作用过程中的土骨架的弹性和塑性分析,研究了土骨架接触面部分可能发生的弹性恢复和永久变形以及破碎引起的最剧烈的塑性变形;并且,提出了可以通过液化前后颗粒粒径的质量百分含量的对比试验,来验证破碎模型的合理性;为进行砂土动力非线性变形和液化的数值模拟,结合砂土的剪切非线性的本构,总结了更为简化的时域连续的函数经验公式,使得在时域内进行土壤动力特性和动力非线性反应分析,以及用剪胀性理论解释动力液化和变形问题易于进行。     

三维复杂速度结构中深发地震的双差分定位

双差分地震定位法采用了一维射线追踪法和直角坐标系, 不适合于复杂速度模型中的地震定位.本研究采用三维射线追踪技术和球坐标系改进了双差分定位法, 扩大了它的应用范围.为了检验新方法的可行性和准确性, 以日本海地区下方的深发地震为研究对象, 通过对比4种复杂速度模型中双差分定位结果, 分析速度结构对双差分定位的影响.结果表明, 改进后的双差分定位法受速度结构变化的影响较小, 而且当震源区的速度模型越接近真实速度结构时, 定位结果的精度越高, 这为利用深发地震研究地球深部构造奠定了基础.