Use of double mass curves in hydrologic benefit evaluations

Environmental change resulting from intensified human interventions and climate change has impacted the hydrological function of many large river systems, largely altering the production and transport of run‐off and sediment. It is thus vital to quantitatively evaluate the influence of climate change and human activities on streamflow and sediment discharge. Water balance equations, hydrological models, and comparative analyses are commonly used to fulfil this need. Double mass curves (DMCs), being one useful method for comparative analyses, are characterized by low data requirements and high transferability, and thus more practical than water balance equations and hydrological models for hydrologic benefit evaluations. However, the detailed derivation procedure of the DMC has, to date, yet been described in literature. Moreover, in previous studies, changing points of the DMC were determined either rather empirically or as the changing point of streamflow or sediment discharge (i.e., precipitation was not considered). Hence, the changing point detected may be subject to inaccuracies. This paper, for the first time, comprehensively detailed the derivation procedure of the DMC; a new way was proposed to quantitatively examine the changing point of the DMC; an example was also given to demonstrate the use of the DMC in the hydrologic benefit evaluation. It is hopeful that the method given in our paper will be widely adopted by future studies as a standard procedure to derive and use the DMC.     

Loran-C信号中直达波与反射波的提取方法研究

Loran-C信号中直达波和反射波到时差的提取是利用其进行测距的关键所在。通过分析Loran-C信号实测波形与理论波形的特征,认为两者所包含的直达波信号一致。基于此特征,通过波形相减的方法从实测Loran-C信号中剔除理论直达波信号,并结合互相关方法求解出直达波和反射波的到时差。     

Mainshock-aftershock state-dependent fragility curves: A case of wood-frame houses in British Columbia,Canada

During a mainshock-aftershock (MSAS) sequence, there is no time to retrofit structures that are damaged by a mainshock; therefore, aftershocks could cause additional damage. This study proposes a new approach to develop state-dependent fragility curves using real MSAS records. Specifically, structural responses before and after each event of MSAS sequences are used to obtain statistical relationships among the engineering demand parameter prior to the seismic event (pre-EDP), the intensity measure of the seismic event (IM), and the engineering demand parameter after the seismic event (post-EDP). The developed fragility curves account for damage accumulation, providing the exceeding probability of damage state (DS) given the IM of the event and the DS of the structure prior to the seismic excitation. The UBC-SAWS model, which was developed for wood-frame houses in British Columbia, Canada, is considered as a case study application. Results indicate that for the examined structural typology, state-dependent fragility curves based on residual interstorey drift ratio (pre-EDP), peak ground velocity (IM), and maximum inter-storey drift ratio (post-EDP) are the best choice to characterise the cumulative damage effect. An illustration of the developed fragility curves is provided by considering a hypothetical MSAS scenario of a M_w 9.0 Cascadia mainshock triggering a M_w 6.0 crustal event in the Leech River fault, affecting wooden houses in Victoria, Canada. The MSAS scenario increases Yellow tags (restricted access) by 12.3% and Red tags (no access) by 4.8%.     

云南红河断裂带中小地震重定位及其与地质构造的关系

运用双差精确定位方法对1999—2003年间发生在云南红河断裂带上的中小地震进行了重新定位,并分析了精确定位结果与地质构造的关系,结果显示,红河断裂带上重定位前与重定位后的震中分布变化不大,只是重定位后震中分布略向两端集中,北段地震多于南段。说明当前红河断裂带北段比南段、中段地震活动性强,可能受洱源断裂带～程海断裂带的影响。但重定位前、后震源深的分布差异较大,在以洱源为中心的区域上存在一个10km深的条带,这可能与红河断裂在北段形成的拉张区有关。     

青藏高原与东西两侧大陆的气温差异

主要对我国昆仑山-秦岭以南的东西部气温的差异问题进行简要讨论。比较气象台站实测气温和换算至海面后的温度,明显反映西部、中部和东部3个地貌阶块的海面气温自西向东逐级降低。我国西部高原地区全年温度较东部丘陵平原区相对偏高,主要原因在于青藏高原和南亚次大陆主要为西南季风所控制,致使气温相对偏高,而东部深受东南季风和来自高纬冬季风的影响,气温相对偏低。因而,全球变化和区域性季风气候是导致东西部气温差异的主导原因,而不能笼统地归之为高原增温效应和东部"冷槽"影响所致。      

任意形状地质体数值积分法重磁场三维可视化反演

任意形状地质体数值积分法重磁场三维可视化反演,采用辛普生积分和梯形积分实现三度体磁场三重积分的近似计算,模型修改在剖面内完成,对x,y不同方向剖面逐条修改拟合,克服了模型难以修改和细化的困难.在Windows环境下,用Visual C语言、OpenGL函数实现了复杂立体模型的三维可视化反演.该方法适合于开采阶段的交互反演解释,将该方法运用于大冶铁矿,取得了很好的地质效果.     

2种不同型号降水现象仪观测降水性能的评估分析

【目的】为评估DSG1型和DSG5型国产降水现象仪在测量降水方面的性能。【方法】挑选鲁南地区降水过程、强度和持续时间较一致且相邻2个国家气象观测站不同型号的降水现象仪和自动气象站2017年9月—2020年8月5年降水观测资料,对比分析了这两种不同型号降水现象仪和自动气象站观测降水的差异。【结果】（1）两种降水现象仪和自动气象站观测的降水时间基本相同,但DSG1型和DSG5型比自动气象站分别偏多约2.2%、3.7%;（2）两种降水现象仪分钟降水量、小时降水量和日降水量都比自动气象站偏小;（3）在中等降水强度及以下,两种降水现象仪观测的降水量大小基本一致,但降水强度较大时,降水量大小不一致且分散;（4）两种降水现象仪与自动气象站的分钟、小时和日降水量差值百分比均值变化不同,说明其在测量降水方面性能略有差异。【结论】由于测量原理和时间及空间分辨率不同于自动气象站雨量计,这两种降水现象仪在观测业务中有着良好的表现,对降水开始和结束时刻记录的更早更准确。     

关于《凹凸棒粘土中坡缕石的内标法X衍射定量分析研究》一文的修正

熊飞（2005）探讨了用内标曲线定量分析凹凸棒粘土中坡缕石含量的方法。但是原文中获得内标曲线的方法还有改进的余地。为确立内标曲线的数据点,原来的积分强度（峰面积）是按照半峰宽乘以峰高获得。这种方法求得的峰面积误差相对较大,导致了原文所提出的内标曲线在用于计算粘土纯度时有时会出现较大的误差,尤其是高纯样品往往出现坡缕石含量大于100％的情况。采用积分方法计算衍射峰的面积,对熊飞（2005）提出的曲线做出了必要的修正。本文所涉及的峰面积都是扣除背景后进行讨论。改进后的方法效果较好     

漓江最高水位的分析及预测

通过对漓江水位的分布特征分析得出:漓江水位不仅与降水量、降水强度、降水时空分布有关系,还与前期旱涝情况及蓄水程度有关;漓江水位的年际变化与桂林市雨量的年际变化一致,大致以10a为周期。然后采用双向差分建立了最高水位的预测模型,以预报量的前差和后差预报误差之和趋于最小时求出模型的参数,并对2002~2005年的最高水位进行了预报,结果表明该模型在最高水位预测中具有较好的应用价值。     

Identification of failure slip surfaces for landslide risk assessment using smoothed particle hydrodynamics

ABSTRACT

Location of failure slip surfaces plays a critical role in landslide risk assessment and mitigation, particularly for unstable slopes, because it is a key input to design of stabilisation measures for unstable slopes and it determines the volume of the sliding soil mass (i.e. landslide consequence). The failure slip surfaces in the numerical analysis (e.g. finite element/different method, FEM/FDM) are often identified using shear strength reduction (SSR) method. A careful examination of FEM results showed that, although the SSR method performs well for stable slopes, it might provide misleading results for unstable slopes. To properly locate failure slip surfaces for unstable slopes, this paper presents a particle-based numerical method called smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), which is mesh-free, immune to the mesh distortion problem in FEM/FDM, and able to directly simulate large deformation of soils that occurs during landslides. A series of slope stability analyses is performed using an in-house SPH programme. Failure slip surfaces are properly identified by SPH for both stable and unstable slopes. Furthermore, because SPH provides a spatial distribution of the post-landslide large displacement of soils, the failure slip surfaces can be identified conveniently using soil displacement. A displacement-based criterion is proposed to locate the failure slip surfaces.