Changes in China’s Grain Production Pattern and the Effects of Urbanization and Dietary Structure

Grain production patterns are the basis of a nation’s food security. Since China’s reform and opening-up began in 1978, China’s urbanization process, driven by rapid social and economic development, has accelerated steadily. During this time, the dietary structure of urban and rural Chinese has also changed significantly. Accordingly, grain production patterns have undergone major changes. First, traditional grain production patterns in the north and the south have changed, and the food production center has shifted toward the north. In 1980, the grain yield of southern provinces accounted for 60% of China’s total, while that of northern provinces accounted for 40%. In 2015, the grain yield of southern provinces accounted for 56% of the total, while that of northern provinces accounted for 44%. Second, grain production by regions of the country is “shrinking in the east but expanding in the central regions,” meaning that grain production in eastern coastal provinces has decreased significantly, while that in the central region has expanded. The proportions of the nation’s total grain production from the eastern, central and western regions were 38%, 36% and 26%, respectively, in 1980. These had changed to 27%, 46%, and 27%, respectively, in 2015. Third, the spatial centralization of grain production has increased. The total grain yield of 13 major grain-producing provinces and regions in the country accounted for 69.27% of nation’s total in 1980, and it had reached 76.18% in 2015, showing that the impact of major grain-producing areas on national food security has increased. The influence of rapid urbanization on grain production areas shows remarkable regional differences. As the level of urbanization has increased, build-up land occupies a large number of high-quality farmland, especially in east coastal provinces and thus the grain planting area decreased obviously. The effect of dietary structure changes on grain production patterns was evident in two ways. On the one hand, as dietary diversity has increased, total grain consumption has decreased. The reduction in the proportion of planting area for grain crops to total crop planting area dropped from 82% in 1980 to 68% in 2015, making this change in total grain consumption evident. On the other hand, the ratio of grain for human consumption declined as the ratio of grain consumed by animals increased. The reduction in the proportion of rice and wheat grown and an increase in the proportion of feed grain production (mostly maize) from 20% in the 1980s to 36% in 2015 makes this change in grain production and consumption evident. In the future, with the establishment of national functional areas for grain production, the spatial pattern of grain production will return, while the demand for feed grains will continue to increase but with the space for expansion limited.     

中国湖南、四川嗜辣口味的差异性研究

中国幅员辽阔,历史悠久,自然环境多种多样,社会经济状况也不尽相同.在漫长的历史发展历程中,各地逐渐形成不同的饮食结构与饮食口味.为探明湖南、四川两地不同嗜辣口味中蕴含的地理信息,通过建立喜辣程度、嗜辣口味等指标,利用调查问卷的方法分析了两地嗜辣口味的差异性,结果表明该差异性是由不同的地形地貌、温度湿度、作物种植、交通运输条件、文化习俗等综合因素导致的,反映出饮食口味与地理环境的深刻关联性,为进一步探索湖南、四川两地的饮食文化奠定了基础.     

Effects of Dietary Protein Level on Growth and Utilization of Protein and Energy by Juvenile Mangrove Red Snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus )

1Introduction The mangrove red snapper,Lutjanus argentimacu-latus(Forsskal,1775)is a carnivorous,warm-watereuryhaline fish that is considerably cultured in South-east Asia,Southern China and the Middle East(Le-ung et al.,1999;Estudillo et at.,2000;Ng et al.,2000;Catacutan et al.,2001).In Pakistan,it isknown for its good quality meat and also for its highconsumption rate.Although it fetches a premiumprice at local markets(Anonymous,2002),the in-creasing demand has generated interest towar…     

基于众源数据挖掘的中国饮食口味与慢性病的空间关联

慢性病是全球最主要的死亡原因,在所有慢性病风险因素中,不健康饮食因素居于首位,也是影响最广泛的风险因素。尽管已有许多关于饮食行为的研究,但在饮食口味与慢性病关联方面尚缺乏定量研究。鉴于此,利用众源网络菜谱数据,提取菜系中多维口味信息,结合不同地区分类的餐饮类兴趣地点（POI）数据,定量分析不同地区人群口味偏好;使用地理探测器方法,从空间分异性角度建立7种口味与出血性卒中、胰腺癌、上呼吸道感染3种慢性病的关联,得到饮食口味对慢性病空间分布的解释能力度量值。结果表明：在7种口味中,过咸是出血性卒中的首要口味风险因子;一定程度的甜是胰腺癌的首要口味风险因子,且甜的程度与胰腺癌风险并非呈简单线性关系;过辛是上呼吸道感染的首要口味风险因子,三者在统计上均表现显著。本文首次提出了基于众源数据挖掘的潜在健康风险因素定量研究方法,可以应用于病因的探索性分析,并有助于公共卫生部门制定相应的干预措施。     

中国对虾幼虾饲料中最佳蛋白能量比研究

实验对不同规格的中国对虾（０．３６８～０．６９９ｇ;１．０２５～１．５２５ｇ）投喂饲料的最佳可消化蛋白质与可消化能比值（ＤＰ／ＤＥ）进行了研究。将精制饲料配成３个蛋白水平,每个蛋白水平包括４个能量级。实验结果表明：不同时期中国对虾对蛋白利用率不同,较大规格的对虾对蛋白质利用率比较小规格高;对于以上２个不同规格的中国对虾,饲料最适ＤＰ／ＤＥ分别在１４５．２ｍｇ／ｋｃａｌ和１３６．４ｍｇ／ｋｃａｌ时,获得最大增重率、最佳蛋白质效率和最低饲料系数;存活率有随蛋白质含量增加而增加的趋势。     

饲料脂肪含量对施氏鲟生长及其肝脏脂质组成的影响

本文报道了饲料中不同脂肪含量对施氏鲟生长及其肝脏脂质组成的影响结果，试验饲料是以酪蛋白质，鱼粉，糊精和纤维素等为主要原料配制而成的等氮和等能量的半精制饲料，以等量混合的海水鱼油，豆油作为肪源，试验周期为25d，结果表明；施氏鲟饲料中脂肪适宜含量为5．6－11．4％，最适合含量为7．5％左右，肝脏脂质含量和中性脂质含量随着饲料脂肪添加量的增加而升高，但在饲料脂肪适宜含量范围内各组间却无显著差异。     

Dietary Shifts in the Queen Triggerfish, Balistes vetula, in the Absence of its Primary Food Item, Diadema antillarum

Abstract. The long-spined sea urchin Diadema antillarum has been reported to be the major food item of the queen triggerfish, Balistes vetula in the Caribbean. This sea urchin has undergone a massive mortality on reefs throughout the Caribbean during 1983. The dietary habits of twenty-three queen triggerfish from patch reef habitats in Belize were examined. It was found that crabs and chitons now form the major dietary items when D. antillarum is not available. It is suggested that this predator, which was previously specialized on a single food item, is able to shift resource utilization in the absence of its primary food source, and that the queen triggerfish can capture diverse prey from a wide variety of habitats.     

Does transported seagrass provide an important trophic link in unvegetated, nearshore areas?

The contribution of detritus from seagrass and other primary producers to faunal production in unvegetated nearshore areas was examined primarily using stable isotopes. Fish, macroinvertebrates, meiofauna and primary producers (seagrasses, macroalgae, seston and benthic microalgae) were sampled from sites in south-western Australia. All samples were analysed for δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values and fish gut contents were determined. δ¹³C values for seagrasses in the region were high compared to other macrophytes, ranging from 49.9 to −8.2‰ compared to −19.8 to −12.6‰ for macroalgae. The δ¹⁵N values ranged between 4.0 and 7.7‰ for the red, brown and green algae, and between 3.2 and 5.9‰ for seagrasses. Seston and benthic microalgae samples had a mean δ¹³C value of −12.8 and −14.0‰, respectively, and their δ¹⁵N values were comparable to the macroalgae. All invertebrate fauna had mean δ¹³C values considerably lower than seagrasses. However, individual samples harpacticoid copepods and polychaetes had a value as high as −11.7‰. δ¹⁵N values for consumers were higher than those of the primary producers, except for copepods and amphipods. The δ¹³C values for fish had a relatively small range, between −16.6 and −13.1‰, and the δ¹⁵N values of fish were elevated compared to the invertebrates and primary producers, ranging mostly between 10.0 and 12.6‰. Mixing model analysis based on δ¹³C values indicated that seagrass ranked low as a likely carbon source for all invertebrates other than harpacticoid copepods at a single site and some samples of polychaetes. The δ¹³C values for fish were similar to those of a combination of harpacticoid and calanoid copepods, amphipods and polychaetes. The consumption of harpacticoid copepods by some fish species indicates that Amphibolis and Posidonia species in south-western Australia can contribute to the food web of unvegetated nearshore areas as detritus, but brown algae is likely to make a greater contribution. At least for the time of year that was sampled, the flow of detrital seagrass material into the foodweb may be mediated by specific detrivores, in this case harpactacoid copepods, rather than by all detritivores.     

红海湾远海梭子蟹Portunus pelagicus的食物组成及营养位置分析

利用稳定同位素技术;分析了2015年5月在红海湾海域采集的远海梭子蟹Portunus pelagicus及其潜在食物的碳（δ13C）和氮（δ15N）稳定同位素比值;通过稳定同位素混合模型（SIAR）;估算不同食物对远海梭子蟹食性的相对贡献。结果表明:远海梭子蟹的δ13C值在-18.1‰~-14.1‰之间;δ15N值的范围为9.8‰~13.8‰;平均值分别为-16.9‰±1.3‰和12.1‰±2.3‰。δ13C和δ15N值的变化范围均较大;表明远海梭子蟹食物来源广泛、多样。远海梭子蟹的食物主要由双壳贝类、螺类、鱼类、头足类、虾类、蟹类和藻类组成。SIAR模型计算结果显示:藻类为远海梭子蟹的主要食物;其平均贡献为32.5%;双壳贝类的相对食性贡献为21.9%;虾类、螺类、鱼类和蟹类的平均贡献差异较小;分别为9.7%、9.7%、9.6%和9.3%;头足类的贡献最低;仅为7.3%。此外;根据δ15N值及营养位置的计算公式得出:远海梭子蟹在红海湾海域位于2.91±0.68营养级。远海梭子蟹的7类潜在食物中;藻类的营养位置最低;为1.21±0.58;其次为双壳贝类;为2.00±0.25;蟹类、螺类、虾类和鱼类的营养位置分别为2.85±0.33、2.87±0.26、3.01±0.16和3.08±0.18;头足类的最高;为3.41±0.17。