Dietary shift and feeding intensity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stenobrachius leucopsarus</Emphasis> in the Bering Sea

The food habits of the dominant myctophid Stenobrachius leucopsarus were examined in the central basin of the Bering Sea in relation to oceanographic conditions, in summer 2002 and 2003 and spring 2006. S. leucopsarus exhibited an ontogenetic and seasonal dietary shift. In spring, small fish (≤40 mm) preyed mainly on Neocalanus flemingeri/plumchrus whereas large fish fed mainly on Neocalanus cristatus. In summer, small fish preyed mainly on Metridia pacifica whereas large fish fed mainly on euphausiids (Thysanoessa spp.). In the summer of 2003, when water temperature in the epipelagic layer (≤100 m) was warmer, reflecting the prevalence of the Alaskan Stream, small-sized S. leucopsarus showed a higher stomach content index, perhaps reflecting the greater abundance of M. pacifica. Thus, the present study shows that the physical variability in the epipelagic layer affects not only diets but also feeding performance of micronekton.     

吉林省城乡居民膳食水足迹研究

居民日常的膳食消费与水资源的保护和节约息息相关。根据吉林省1999—2011年城乡居民膳食消费量,量化城乡居民膳食水足迹,并分析其特征。13年来吉林省城乡居民膳食水足迹波动不大,但城乡之间存在差异。城镇居民膳食水足迹中肉类所占比重最大,而农村居民膳食水足迹中粮食占绝对比重。城镇居民膳食水足迹多样性指数高于农村居民,均呈上升趋势,尤其是农村居民膳食消费的种类增长较快,居民膳食消费的种类日益丰富。吉林省城乡居民膳食水足迹虽然存在差异,但差距不大,不公平现象不明显。     

中国第22和24次南极考察中山站越冬队员膳食调查

在南极中山站特殊环境下,膳食营养对人体的保护尤显重要。通过在中山站对第22和24次中国南极越冬队分别开展三次连续动态膳食调查,获取越冬队员的主要膳食模式,有针对性地提出改善膳食模式的建议,以保障越冬队员的健康。分别在2006年、2008年采用连续3—4天/次称重法对第22、24次中山站越冬队员进行三次膳食调查,计算平均每人每日能量及各种营养素摄入量,与《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(Chinese DRIs)》进行对比分析、评价队员膳食营养状况。越冬队员平均能量摄入充足,符合中至重等体力劳动所需摄入量(2 700—3 200 kcal)。获得的17种营养素中,钙、维生素A、维生素C、微量元素硒的摄入量低于中国DRIs标准,钠摄入偏高,其余基本符合标准。烹调用油、食盐的摄入量超过中国营养学会建议的摄入量。脂肪、蛋白质提供的能量比(三大营养物质所提供的能量各占百分比)分别高于中国营养学会推荐的20%—30%、12%—14%,碳水化合物低于推荐的55%—65%。中山站越冬队员呈现高脂肪、高蛋白、低碳水化合物,烹调用油、食盐的摄入量过高,钠摄入偏高,以及维生素A、C和钙、硒摄入量过低的膳食结构。应调整脂肪、蛋白质、碳水化合物的摄入比例,调整烹调用油、钠盐的摄入量,补充维生素A、C和钙、硒。     

Feeding habits and ontogenetic diet shifts of Bombay duck,Harpadon nehereus

Based on two bottom trawl surveys conducted in autumn 2000 and 2001, a total of 1106 stomach samples of Bombay duck Harpadon nehereus between 23–278 mm fork length were collected and analyzed. The results show that Bombay duck prey items consisted of 11 groups or 32 species, of which Apogon lineatus, Leptochela gracilis, Acetes chinensis, and Euphausia pacifi ca were the dominant prey species. Ontogenetic variations were found in feeding habits and feeding activity of Bombay duck. Feeding activity was highest in fi sh smaller than 50 mm, lowest in fi sh between 50 and 99 mm, and then increased with increasing size thereafter. As Bombay duck size increased, fi sh prey increased in importance, whereas euphausiids and decapods decreased in importance. Different trophic guilds were observed in feeding habits across the examined size range. Bombay duck smaller than 50 mm were zooplanktivores, mainly feeding on zooplankton and fi sh larva; those between 50 and 149 mm were generalist predators, mainly feeding on pelagic shrimps, demersal shrimps and fi shes; and those larger than 150 mm were piscivores, mainly feeding on fi shes.     

流动群体跨地方饮食适应的多元策略及身份协商——广州案例

流动性语境中,流动群体因其承载的源地文化基因与在地饮食文化的碰撞,不可避免地陷入维系源地饮食与融入在地饮食的两难境地,从而引发了饮食调适与身份焦虑等问题。尽管学界探讨了流动群体在不同饮食文化影响下的调适策略,但大多将固守源地文化与接纳在地文化进行对立,忽视了个体能动的协商过程。论文基于文化地理学视角,以广州流动群体为研究对象,分析他们在跨地方饮食适应过程中采取的多元策略及身份协商。研究发现,在不同地方饮食文化的影响下,流动群体跨地方饮食适应的策略包括饮食同化、饮食融合、饮食隔离与饮食边缘化。在不同策略之下,流动群体的日常饮食实践呈现出差异化的特征,并使得原本单一的源地身份认同趋于复杂化。论文提出了跨地方饮食适应的分析框架,讨论了饮食适应的多元策略与身份协商之关系,为文化地理学视角下的移民与饮食研究提供了新的理论视野,在实践层面上有利于促进流动群体的饮食适应与社会融入。     

Diet and food resource partitioning in koaro,Galaxias brevipinnis (Günther), and juvenile rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss (Richardson), in two Taupo streams,New Zealand

This study examined the diet of sympatric populations of migratory juvenile rainbow trout and landlocked koaro in the Waipehi and Omori Streams, Lake Taupo, New Zealand. In both species, diet was dominated, both numerically and by weight, by aquatic prey: Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, and Diptera larvae were the most numerous prey items. Adult koaro and juvenile rainbow trout both fed on small koaro. Terrestrial prey items were present in low numbers in the diets of both koaro and juvenile rainbow trout, but were more important in terms of weight. Resource partitioning was weak although koaro consumed more small benthic invertebrates such as chironomid larvae, whereas the diet of rainbow trout contained more Ephemeroptera larvae and terrestrial insects. In the Waipehi Stream, koaro consumed both rainbow trout ova and koaro ova; in Omori Stream, trout ova were important in the diet of juvenile rainbow trout. Since the diets of koaro and juvenile rainbow trout in some Taupo tributaries are similar, populations may co‐exist by temporal and/or spatial partitioning of food resources, whereas trout predation on small koaro may be a limiting factor for koaro populations.     

Foraging across ecosystems: diet diversity and social foraging spanning aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems by an invertebrate

Ecosystems are fundamentally connected to one another, although empirical documentation of the links between them, especially the links between marine and terrestrial ecosystems, has been limited. This study examined the foraging behavior and ecology of an understudied invertebrate, the hermit crab Coenobita compressus, which is remarkably abundant at the nexus of marine, terrestrial, and freshwater ecosystems. Data collected between 2008 and 2011 in the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica revealed that C. compressus plays a generalist scavenger role across ecosystems. Beach almond fruits (Terminalia catappa) were a staple of the crabs’ diet, but the crabs also commonly consumed a variety of other fruit species and various parts of plants (nuts, seeds, flowers, husk, stems, buds) as well as algae, fungus, animal feces, and the carcasses of insects, jellyfish, conspecifics, other crustacean species, freshwater and saltwater fish, sea turtles (eggs and adults), and mammals. The crabs fed on these resources in prominent social aggregations, also forming such aggregations as they exchanged the aquatically derived gastropod shells that they use as homes while roaming the land. The size of the crabs’ aggregations around plant versus animal resources and around terrestrial versus aquatic resources did not differ, underscoring the species’ generalist foraging behavior. Broadly, these results suggest that C. compressus has one of the most diverse diets of any crustacean and plays a critical role in recycling organic matter and nutrients. This species might also mediate the passage of resources across different ecosystems, although further research is needed to explore this possibility.     

地理环境对中国饮食文化旅游资源的影响

饮食是人类赖以生存和发展的首要物质基础,也是旅游的六大要素之一。主要从自然和人文地理环境各因素对中国饮食文化形成和饮食文化旅游资源开发的影响方面进行分析。在进行饮食文化旅游资源开发时,应特别重视地理环境因素的影响。     

山西芮城清凉寺墓地出土人骨的稳定同位素分析

对山西芮城新石器时代的清凉寺墓地出土的仰韶文化和龙山文化两个阶段人骨中C和N同位素进行了分析,研究了先民的食谱特征和生活经济形式,探讨了不同性别之间食物结构的差异以及不同阶段食谱的变化趋势。所有人骨样品的C和N含量以及C/N 摩尔比,均表明人骨样品保存较好,可用于食谱分析。骨胶原的C和N稳定同位素分析结果显示,清凉寺地区史前先民的食物结构中包括C4类植物和少量以C₄类植物为食的动物,反映了先民以种植粟、黍等作物的农业形式,并辅以饲养家畜为生的经济模式;  发现男性比女性获取肉类食物相对较多,可能是由于当时男女社会分工不同的缘故;  此外,从仰韶文化到龙山文化时期,山西芮城清凉寺先民获取植物性食物资源没有明显变化,但肉类资源有所增加,反映了此时的农业生产逐渐趋向更为稳定,家畜饲养有了进一步的发展。