埃及Bakr—Amer油田古近系Eoc组储层特征

储层特征研究是评价碳酸盐岩储层物性、寻找油气富集区和落实剩余油分布的基础,通过对区域构造、地层和沉积特征的研究,利用统计和数学方法对Bakr-Amer油田Eoc储层物性、储集空间类型和控制因素进行了分析,认为受构造运动影响,储层在深部残余厚度大,但物性相对也较差,以压实、胶结和溶蚀作用为主。高部位残余厚度小,但受风化、淋滤和构造运动的影响,裂缝发育,储层物性好,以压实和溶蚀作用为主。     

Origin and biochemical cycling of particulate nitrogen in the Mandovi estuary

Mandovi estuary is a tropical estuary strongly influenced by the southwest monsoon. In order to understand, sources and fate of particulate organic nitrogen, suspended particulate matter (SPM) collected from various locations, was analyzed for particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON), δ¹³C_POC, total hydrolysable amino acid enantiomers (l- and d- amino acids) concentration and composition. δ¹³C_POC values were depleted (−32 to −25‰) during the monsoon and enriched (−29.6 to −21‰) in the pre-monsoon season implying that OM was derived from terrestrial and marine sources during the former and latter season, respectively. The biological indicators such as C/N ratio, d-amino acids, THAA yields and degradation indices (DI) indicate that the particulate organic matter (POM) was relatively more degraded during the monsoon season. Conversely, during the pre-monsoon, the biological indicators indicated the presence of relatively fresh and labile POM derived from autochthonous sources. Amino acids such as alanine, aspartic acid, leucine, serine, arginine, and threonine in monsoon and glutamic acid, glycine, valine, lysine, and isoleucine in pre-monsoon were relatively abundant. Presence of bacterial biomarker, d-amino acids in the SPM of the estuary during both the seasons signifies important contribution of bacteria to the estuarine detrital ON pool. Based on d-amino acid yields, bacterial OM accounted for 16-34% (23.0 ± 6.7%) of POC and 29-75% (47.9 ± 18.7%) of PON in monsoon, and 30-78% (50.0 ± 15%) of POC and 34-79% (51.2 ± 13.3%) of the PON in pre-monsoon in the estuary. Substantial contribution of bacterial-N to PON indicates nitrogen (N) enrichment on terrestrial POM during the monsoon season. Transport of terrestrial POM enriched with bacterial OM to the coastal waters is expected to influence coastal productivity and ecosystem functioning during the monsoon season.     

贵州西北部基性侵入岩锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学特征 及其与铅锌成矿关系初探

贵州西北部发育多处基性侵入岩,总体规模较小(约0.25 Km2),多沿深大断裂侵位,出露于铅锌矿点外围,本文对猫猫厂、凉山两处矿点附近的儿马冲和白岩庆两地小型基性侵入岩进行了重点研究。侵入岩主要岩性为细粒辉长岩,造岩矿物主要为拉长石、普通辉石。SiO2范围为49.60-51.09 wt%,MgO从3.88-4.27 wt %,TiO2为3.69-3.85 wt %。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果为268.3±7.4 Ma,显示岩浆侵位于二叠纪。基性侵入岩的微量元素蛛网图呈OIB型特征,富集大离子亲石元素（LILE）、轻稀土元素（LREE）,亏损重稀土元素（HFEE）,相对亏损高场强元素（Nb,Ta）,有Sr、Y亏损,Pb富集。(87Sr/86Sr)i范围0.706749～0.707069,(143Nd/144Nd)i范围0.512313～0.512363,εNd(t)范围0.2～1.2;源区熔融深度处于石榴石橄榄岩相深度,可能经历了1-3 %的部分熔融,处于亏损石榴石二辉橄榄岩相向原始石榴石二辉橄榄岩相的过渡区。成岩过程中发生了单斜辉石、斜长石等矿物分离结晶,受到了有限的地壳混染作用,未经历明显的AFC过程。地壳物质在地幔源区中的加入可能是造成地幔富集的主要原因。侵入岩与成矿作用之间的关系,主要通过两方面所表现。一方面是二者间构造活动上的耦合性。另一方面是基性岩在成矿过程中可能发挥了重要的化学屏障层作用。     

利用测井资料分析成岩作用对储集层的影响

应用测井资料进行压实作用、孔隙演化、裂缝、矿物成分详尽分析基础上 ,结合成岩作用各个阶段对储集层性能影响的研究 ,讨论了应用测井资料分析成岩作用对储集层影响的物理基础 ,进而指出应用测井资料分析成岩作用不同阶段对储集层影响的可行性。方法为 :(1 )成岩作用早期 :应用孔隙度测井和岩性测井资料 ,通过压实曲线分析压实作用区间 ;(2 )成岩作用中期 :首先根据孔隙度测井资料分析声波孔隙度、密度 -中子测井孔隙度 ,分析次生孔隙 ,并应用交会图技术 ,确定矿物成分 ,分析胶结、交代作用形式和强度 ,然后根据泥质指示测井确定泥质含量 ,进一步利用自然伽玛能谱测井 ,尤其是Th、K含量分析粘土矿物 ;(3)成岩作用晚期 :进行次生孔隙、裂缝、颗粒成分与含量、粘土矿物分布规律研究。以上分析方法经吐哈盆地实际资料验证 ,效果良好     

Evaporites,brines and base metals: Low‐temperature ore emplacement controlled by evaporite diagenesis

Salt beds and salt allochthons are transient features in most sedimentary basins, which through their dissolution can carry, focus and fix base metals. The mineralisation can be subsalt, intrasalt or suprasalt, and the salt body or its breccia can be bedded or halokinetic. In all these evaporite‐associated low‐temperature diagenetic ore deposits there are four common factors that can be used to recognise suitably prepared ground for mineralisation: (i) a dissolving evaporite bed acts either as a supplier of chloride‐rich basinal brines capable of leaching metals, or as a supplier of sulfur and organics that can fix metals; (ii) where the dissolving bed is acting as a supplier of chloride‐rich brines, there is a suitable nearby source of metals that can be leached by these basinal brines (redbeds, thick shales, volcaniclastics, basalts); (iii) there is a stable redox interface where these metalliferous chloride‐rich waters mix with anoxic waters within a pore‐fluid environment that is rich in organics and sulfate/sulfide/H₂S; and (iv) there is a salt‐induced focusing mechanism that allows for a stable, long‐term maintenance of the redox front, e.g. the underbelly of the salt bed or allochthon (subsalt deposits), dissolution or halokinetically maintained fault activity in the overburden (suprasalt deposits), or a stratabound intrabed evaporite dissolution front (intrasalt deposits). The diagenetic evaporite ‐ base‐metal association includes world‐class Cu deposits, such as the Kupferschiefer‐style Lubin deposits of Poland and the large accumulations in the Dzhezkazgan region of Kazakhstan. The Lubin deposits are subsalt and occur where long‐term dissolution of salt, in conjunction with upwelling metalliferous basin brines, created a stable redox front, now indicated by the facies of the Rote Faule. The Dzhezkazgan deposits (as well as smaller scale Lisbon Valley style deposits) are suprasalt halokinetic features and formed where a dissolving halite‐dominated salt dome maintained a structural focus to a regional redox interface. Halokinesis and dissolution of the salt bed also drove the subsalt circulation system whereby metalliferous saline brines convectively leached underlying sediments. In both scenarios, the resulting redox‐precipitated sulfides are zoned and arranged in the order Cu, Pb, Zn as one moves away from the zone of salt‐solution supplied brines. This redox zonation can be used as a regional pointer to both mineralisation and, more academically, to the position of a former salt bed. In the fault‐fed suprasalt accumulations the feeder faults were typically created and maintained by the jiggling of brittle overburden blocks atop a moving and dissolving salt unit. A similar mechanism localises many of the caprock replacement haloes seen in the diapiric provinces of the Gulf of Mexico and Northern Africa. Evaporite‐associated Pb–Zn deposits, like Cu deposits, are focused by brine flows associated with both bedded and halokinetic salt units or their residues. Stratabound deposits, such as Gays River and Cadjebut, have formed immediately adjacent to or within the bedded salt body, with the bedded sulfate acting as a sulfur source. In allochthon/diapir deposits the Pb–Zn mineralisation can occur both within a caprock or adjacent to the salt structure as replacements of peridiapiric organic‐rich pyritic sediments. In the latter case the conditions of bottom anoxia that allowed the preservation of pyrite were created by the presence of brine springs and seeps fed from the dissolution of nearby salt sheets and diapirs. The deposits in the peridiapiric group tend to be widespread, but individual deposits tend to be relatively small and many are subeconomic. However, their occurrence indicates an active metal‐cycling mechanism in the basin. Given the right association of salt allochthon, tectonics, source substrate and brine ponding, the system can form much less common but world‐class deposits where base‐metal sulfides replaced pyritic laminites at burial depths ranging from centimetres to kilometres. This set of diagenetic brine‐focusing mechanisms are active today beneath the floor of the Atlantis II Deep and are thought to have their ancient counterparts in some Proterozoic sedex deposits. The position of the allochthon, its lateral continuity, and the type of sediment it overlies controls the size of the accumulation and whether it is Cu or Pb–Zn dominated.     

Discussion on research advances and hot issues in diagenesis of clastic-rock reservoirs

The research on diagenesis of clastic-rock reservoir is developing rapidly in recent ten years. Thus, it is of great significance in academic and scientific exploration to summarize the domestic and international research progress and the key issues of frontier research on diagenesis. The research progress, main achievement and recognition in diagenesis of clastic-rock reservoirs in recent years is discussed, and the hot issues or developing trend of diagenesis in the future is probed in this paper, on the basis of summarizing the previous research results and understanding, combined with the typical research examples at home and abroad. It is believed that great progress was obtained in provenance and parent rock constraints on sandstone types and their diagenetic evolution pathways, impact of fluid-rock interaction and its product on diagenesis, influence of thermodynamics and overpressure background on diagenesis and pore development, the timing sequence between hydrocarbon accumulation and filling process and the sandstone reservoir becoming low permeability-densification. At present, diagenetic research is developing in direction of the spatial and temporal dynamics and quantitative evolution mechanistic and diagenetic system controlled by the basin fluid dynamics, thermal dynamic processes, combining the micro-scale diagenesis research with the basin macroscopic background such as sedimentation from the source to the basin, burial history, hydrocarbon maturity and charge into reservoirs, tectonic evolution and fluid activity, and fluid and rock interaction.The aim of this paper is to induce the academic peers and experts in diagenesis and the related research fields to come forward with their valuable contributions, to cooperate and work together and joint efforts on the research exquisite, profundity and breadth of diagenesis, and application of the most advanced analytical measurement techniques and methods, as well as integration and infiltration of multidisciplinary, in order to promote the course of the clastic-rock reservoir diagenetic research in China.     

陕西安塞油田长2和长3储层特征及其非均质性

安塞油田长2、长3油层组主要发育辫状河和曲流河沉积,其中河道砂体展布形态受沉积微相控制,呈NE—SW向带状展布,是主要的油气储集层。原生粒间孔和次生粒间溶蚀孔是目的层位的主要孔隙类型,孔喉结构为中小孔—中细喉型及小孔—微喉型,前者为中上等储层,后者为中等储层。储集层孔隙结构和渗透性受成岩事件的影响较大,主要包括机械压实-化学压溶作用、胶结作用和溶蚀作用等。储层孔隙丧失的主要原因是压实、压溶作用和胶结作用,其中,石英、长石次生加大和方解石胶结是造成储层物性降低的主要原因,而包围在碎屑颗粒周围的绿泥石薄膜一方面使粒间孔减小,另一方面阻止了部分石英、长石加大及方解石的沉淀,在一定程度上保存了部分原生粒间孔隙,从而使储层物性较好。表生成岩阶段的大气降水及晚成岩阶段有机质分解形成的酸性流体,是碎屑长石和部分胶结物溶解从而形成大量次生孔隙的主要介质。安塞油田长2和长3油层组在纵向上隔夹层较发育,沉积韵律主要为正反复合韵律,导致了储层较强的非均质性,其中长3油层组较长2油层组非均质性强。     

超压对碎屑岩机械压实作用的抑制与孔隙度预测

为了研究超压对碎屑岩储层机械压实作用的抑制作用和预测超压背景下碎屑岩储层的孔隙度,本文根据压力平衡原理,推导了地层超压与有效埋深的关系方程,并在综合考虑超压、溶蚀和胶结作用的基础上,建立了超压背景下储层孔隙度的预测模型。结果表明,盆地中地层的密度越小,超压对碎屑岩储层机械压实的抑制效果越明显。三个不同时代、不同类型沉积盆地的孔隙度预测结果表明,应用本文建立的储层孔隙度预测模型所预测储层孔隙度的误差均低于Gluyas和Cade方程,而且孔隙度预测的误差随地层时代的变老而增大。在储层胶结物小于10%的条件下,新生代超压盆地碎屑岩储层孔隙度的预测误差小于2%,而中生代超压盆地储层孔隙度的预测误差大于5%。本文建立的超压背景下的碎屑岩储层孔隙度预测模型仅适用于时代较新超压盆地的孔隙度预测。     

Matrix micrite δC and δO reveals synsedimentary marine lithification in Upper Jurassic Ammonitico Rosso limestones (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain)

Matrix micrites are a commonly used carbonate archive for the reconstruction of past environmental parameters, but one that is submitted to known limitations. Main reasons for the often ambiguous value of many micrite-based isotope data sets are the unknown origin of the micrite components and their poorly resolved diagenetic history. Here we present carbon and oxygen-isotope data retrieved from Oxfordian to Tithonian Ammonitico Rosso nodular micrites sampled from three sections in the Betic Cordillera (Southern Spain). All three sections were correlated and sampled using a rigorous biostratigraphic framework. A noteworthy feature is that analyzed matrix micrites are more conservative in terms of their isotopic composition than other carbonate materials commonly considered to resist diagenetic alteration under favourable circumstances. Remarkably, this refers not only to δ¹³C ratios, which reflect the typical Late Jurassic global trend, but also to δ¹⁸O ratios that range around 0.3‰. The ¹⁸O-enriched oxygen-isotope ratios are considered to represent diagenetic stabilization of carbonate ooze under the influence of marine porewaters within the sediment–water interphase (i.e., the immature sedimentary section, usually submitted to biogenic activity). This interpretation agrees with the very early lithification of micrite nodules with cements precipitated from marine porewaters, enriched by the dissolution of aragonite skeletals (i.e., ammonite shells). According to the model proposed, low sedimentation rates as well as rapid early marine differential cementation, under the influence of currents and seawater pumping, affected the sediment–water interphase of epioceanic swells where deposition resulted in early lithified Ammonitico Rosso facies. The data obtained show that special care must be taken to prevent oversimplified interpretations of carbonate archives, particularly in the context of epioceanic settings.     

麻黄山西区延长组长4+5至长6储层成岩作用及成岩演化史研究

麻黄山西区长4＋5至长6储层为一套三角洲前缘亚相的细砂岩,研究证明砂岩目前处于中成岩A期。机械压实与胶结作用是孔隙减少的主要作用,也是本区原生孔隙少、储集物性差的直接原因;而大气淡水的淋滤作用及有机酸溶蚀作用,尤其是有机酸溶蚀作用,是产生次生孔隙的主要作用,使局部储层物性有所改善,因此次生孔隙是本区油气的主要储集空间,下一步油气勘探开发应注重对有利次生孔隙空间的预测。