新疆伊犁河流域草地类型特征及其生态服务价值研究

以新疆伊犁河流域为研究对象,采用Costanza生态系统服务价值计算公式,参照谢高地等人的中国草地生态系统服务单位面积价值,分析了伊犁河流域草地类型特征和生态系统服务价值。研究结果表明,新疆伊犁河流域草地资源丰富,草地面积占土地总面积的60.88%以上,草地产草量及载畜能力均处于全疆最好水平,其中山地草甸类草地面积最大,占草地可利用面积的27.91%。草地生态系统每年的服务价值为200.47亿元,山地草甸类草地、温性草甸草原类以及温性草原类草地生态服务价值达145.3亿元,占到全流域草地总生态服务价值的72.48%,是草地生态服务价值的主体部分,流域生态系统服务性功能远大于生产性功能。总体看来,伊犁河流域草地生态服务价值山间盆地、丘陵区较高;而平原区相对较低。草地存在退化现象,1985—2005年间草地生态服务价值有所下降。     

退化和恢复过程驱动的荒漠草地生态系统有机碳密度变化

荒漠草地是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,研究退化和恢复荒漠草地生态系统碳密度的变化特征,是精确评估荒漠草地在全球气候变化中作用的关键,也能为中国碳达峰和碳中和提供数据支撑和理论依据.通过野外调查取样和室内分析,研究了腾格里沙漠南缘天然荒漠草地、重度退化荒漠草地和通过植被建设恢复良好的人工-天然荒漠草地的生态系统碳密度,主...     

干旱草原地区起沙通量的初步研究

通过宽范围颗粒谱仪WPS以及20 m梯度塔获得的观测资料,计算了朱日和地区沙尘天气下的起沙通量、摩擦速度以及临界摩擦速度,得到以下结论：①起沙通量大小与沙尘天气的强度呈一定的相关关系,随着沙尘天气强度的增大,起沙通量大小也增大。3月26日与4月6日两次沙尘天气下,沙尘暴和扬沙天气的平均起沙通量分别为6.0亿kg·m-2·s-1和4.14亿kg·m-2·s-1。②朱日和地区地表摩擦速度一般都在<1 m·s-1的范围内,n取1或2时,起沙率与Un*线性相关最好。③计算得到了观测粒子段的临界摩擦速度值。临界摩擦速度U*t随着粒径的增加呈先减小后增大趋势。     

Grassland degradation in the ＂Three-River Headwaters＂ region,Qinghai Province

Supported by MSS images in the mid and late 1970s,TM images in the early 1990s and TM/ETM images in 2004,grassland degradation in the＂Three-River Headwaters＂region （TRH region）was interpreted through analysis on RS images in two time series,then the spatial and temporal characteristics of grassland degradation in the TRH region were analyzed since the 1970s.The results showed that grassland degradation in the TRH region was a continuous change process which had large affected area and long time scale,and rapidly strengthen phenomenon did not exist in the 1990s as a whole.Grassland degradation pattern in the TRH region took shape initially in the mid and late 1970s.Since the 1970s,this degradation process has taken place continuously,obviously characterizing different rules in different regions.In humid and semi-humid meadow region,grassland firstly fragmentized, then vegetation coverage decreased continuously,and finally＂black-soil-patch＂degraded grassland was formed.But in semi-arid and arid steppe region,the vegetation coverage decreased continuously,and finally desertification was formed.Because grassland degradation had obviously regional differences in the TRH region,it could be regionalized into 7 zones, and each zone had different characteristics in type,grade,scale and time process of grassland degradation.     

多源遥感数据协同的我国草原积雪范围全天候实时监测

草原积雪信息的获取对于确定草原雪灾的影响范围与灾情等级等具有重要意义。基于光学遥感与微波遥感应用于草原积雪监测的各自优缺点,提出了将光学MODIS数据与被动微波AMSR-E数据有效协同进行我国草原积雪实时监测的业务流程,阐述了相关算法和实现步骤;进而结合农业部要求,对我国雪灾最严重的省区之一——内蒙古草原2007年12月1日至2008年1月20日期间的雪灾状况进行了全天候实时监测,取得了实际监测效果,成功地获取了总计达到51天的连续监测数据,揭示出了监测时段期内蒙古草原积雪发生的时空状况。所提出多源遥感数据在我国草原积雪监测中协同应用算法及其技术路线实现了对草原积雪的全天候实时监测,可应用于我国草原积雪监测的业务化运行,可提升我国雪灾减灾应急基于先进遥感手段的应用水平和监测精度,积极服务于国家雪灾应急减灾的迫切现实需求。     

陕北吴起县退耕还林（草）成效的遥感监测分析

利用GIS综合解译分析NOAA/AVHRR、TM和DEM数据,揭示吴起县退耕还林（草）生态建设工程所取得的实效。1998—2003年NOAA/AVHRR遥感监测表明,吴起县域版图在遥感影像上凸现,这就是该县通过实施退耕还林（草）工程留在大地上的绿色印记,表明吴起县植被状况正在逐年改善,而且植被恢复情况明显好于周围区域。退耕前后的LANDSAT TM影像解译结果对比分析说明,吴起县近年来退耕还林（草）的成绩是显著的,生态环境有了明显的改善。与1997年相比,到2004年该县有81.31%耕地不再耕种,退出的耕地主要变为草地、林地和果园;林草覆盖度增加显著,由1997年的37.06%提高到2004年的83.63%;高坡度耕地绝大部分实现退耕,大于25°的坡耕地89.36%实现了退耕;低植被覆盖度的土地面积在大幅度减少,植被覆盖度小于10%的面积减少了90.91%。土壤侵蚀强度总体上降低,但土壤侵蚀状况仍然严重,需要继续加强治理。     

Simulating net primary production of grasslands in northeastern Asia using MODIS data from 2000 to 2005

The net primary production (NPP) of grasslands in northeastern Asia was estimated using improved CASA model with MODIS data distributed from 2000 and ground data as driving variables from 2000 to 2005. Average annual NPP was 146.05 g C m?2 yr?1 and average annual total NPP was 0.32 Pg C yr?1 in all grasslands during the period. It was shown that average annual grassland NPP in the whole northeastern Asia changed dramatically from 2000 to 2005, with the highest value of 174.80 g C m?2 yr?1 in 2005 and the lowest value of 125.65 g C m?2 yr?1 in 2001. On regional scale, average annual grassland NPP of 179.71 g C m?2 yr?1 in southeastern Russia was the highest among the three main grassland regions in the six years. Grasslands in northern China exhibited the highest average annual total NPP of 0.16 Pg C yr?1 and contributed 51.42% of the average annual total grassland NPP in northeastern Asia. Grassland NPP in northeastern Asia also showed a clear seasonal pattern with the highest NPP occurred in July every year. Average monthly grassland NPP in southeastern Russia was the highest from May to August while average monthly grassland NPP in northern China showed the highest NPP before May and after August. The change rate distribution of grassland NPP between the former three years and the latter three years showed grassland NPP changed slightly between the two stages in most regions, and that NPP change rate in 80.98% of northeastern Asia grasslands was between –0.2 and 0.2. Grassland NPP had close correlation with precipitation and temperature, that indicates climate change will influence the grassland NPP and thus have a great impact on domestic livestock in this region in future.     

内蒙古中部MODIS植被动态监测分析

对中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)250m空间分辨率的每8天NDVI卫星遥感数据,利用年平均NDVI及一元线性回归方法,分析了2000-2008年内蒙古中部地区植被变化趋势。结果表明,近9年内蒙古中部地区79.60%地区的植被总体上保持稳定,17.33%的地区得到了明显改善,3.06%的地区仍存在较强的退化或沙化趋势。退化或沙化地区主要分布在内蒙古农牧交错带北部边缘,成条带状分布,反映了农牧交错带地区生态仍然较为脆弱,需要进一步关注和保护,东南部地区的植被恢复明显。植被年际动态主要受该地区暖干化气候影响,气候变暖造成植被NDVI增加,而降水波动导致NDVI随之变化,降水的作用是气温的2.8倍,有些地区可达到11倍之多。     

甘南黄河上游水源补给区“黑土滩”型退化草地现状、成因及综合治理对策

 通过对黄河上游水源补给区“黑土滩”型退化草地现状的调查发现,“黑土滩”型退化草地是由于气候的异常扰动、过度放牧、鼠类破坏、人为影响的综合因素引起的。从而提出了生态综合治理有效途径应以遵循自然规律,因势利导为出发点,减轻放牧压力,防止退化草地面积进一步扩张和蔓延;对不同程度退化草地应采用防治结合的模式,以草定畜,优化畜牧业管理模式;同时应及时灭鼠和防治毒杂草,全面贯彻落实家庭牧场政策、增加投入和高效管理,大力发展教育事业,加强法制建设,实现黄河上游水源补给区草与畜的可持续发展。     

黄河源区草地农牧化对气候环境影响的数值模拟

 利用中尺度数值模式MM5,设计了一个控制试验和一个敏感性试验。模拟分析黄河源区草地农牧化对局地气候环境的影响,得到一些初步结论:在全球增暖的大背景下源区草地农牧化引起源区平均气温和地表温度升高,平均日较差增大;源区农牧区降水以增加为主,周围地区以减少为主;源区空气湿度、土壤湿度明显减小;地表径流增加,地下径流减小,增加的降水大部分随地表径流流失;农牧区感热通量增加,潜热通量减小,有效通量增加。源区植被改变对气候环境的影响状况不同于其他地区。