西北干旱区水资源的合理开发利用与荒漠化防治

西北干旱区分布的巨大内陆盆地,如准噶尔、塔里木、柴达木盆地和河西走廊等,被认为是典型的戈壁沙漠地区,约占国土总面积的25％。由冰雪融水与降水补给形成的山区河流,流入山前平原,在戈壁带入渗地下,转化为地下水,并在绿洲带溢出地表,成为绿洲耕地的主要灌溉水源。自20世纪50年代以来,由于大规模的水利化建设,导致水资源条件发生巨大变化,生态环境严重恶化,最终导致大片土地荒漠化。因此,重点论述干旱区在人类经济活动影响下,水文系统的演变及其与水环境和生态环境之间的相互影响、相互制约关系。     

我国沙漠化研究的若干问题--3.沙漠化研究和防治的重点区域

沙漠化(Sandy Desertification)是我国荒漠化(Desertification)的主要类型之一,是干旱、半干旱及部分半湿润地区由于人地关系不相协调所造成的以风沙活动为主要标志的土地退化。由于原生沙漠戈壁与沙漠化形成发展的时空范畴不同、成因的主导因素不同和演变的可逆性不同,要求我们在开展沙漠化基本问题的探索、确认主要研究内容的基础上,进一步明确沙漠化研究和防治的重点区域,为国家沙漠化防治战略决策的制订和技术措施的执行提供科学依据,使沙漠化防治工程在国家有限经费的投入下,本着因地制宜的原则,达到多快好省的效果。作者通过对近50年来野外考察和遥感动态监测成果的总结,指出,沙漠化土地主要分布在半干旱地带的农牧交错地区,半干旱地带草原区和干旱地带绿洲边缘及内陆河下游地区,反映的是人类活动和脆弱生态环境相互作用的土地退化区,在过去的50年里,沙漠化土地蔓延的主要部分也是在这些区域内。所以,它们是中国北方沙漠化研究的重点区域。根据不同时期沙漠化土地空间分布和演化的特点,依据其自然地带原则和发展强度原则,将我国沙漠化土地划分为4大区29个亚区,应是防治的重点区域。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geographical Aspects of Health and Disease in India . Rais Akhtar and A.T.A. Learmonth , eds . Antarctic Treaty System: An Assessment . Proceedings of a Workshop at Beardmore South Field Camp, Antarctica. American Electoral Mosaics . J. Clark Archer and Fred M. Shelley . Kompas op Suidwes-Afrika/Namibie . W.S. Barnard , ed . Jerusalem in the 19th Century: The Old City . Yehoshua Ben -Arieh . The World as a Total System . Kenneth E. Boulding . A Social History of Housing 1815–1985, Second Ed . John Burnett . Human Migration . W.A.V. Clark . Regional Population Projection Models . Andrei Rogers . The State of Population Theory: Forward from Malthus . David Coleman and Roger Schofield , eds . Imagining Tomorrow: History, Technology and the American Future . Joseph C. Corn , ed. Swidden Agriculture in Indonesia: The Subsistence Strategies of the Kalimantan Kantú . Michael R. Dove . Glacial Geologic Processes . David Drewry . Physics of Desertification . Farouk El -Baz and M.H.A. Hassan , eds . Housing the Homeless . Jon Erickson and Charles Wilhelm , eds . Settlement Patterns in Missouri: A Study of Population Origins, with a Wall Map . Russel L. Gerlach . Desert Development: Man and Technology in Sparselands . Yehuda Gradus , ed . Nuclear Winter. The Evidence and Risks . Owen Greene , Ian Percival and Irene Ridge . The Take-off of Suburbia and the Crisis of the Central City . Günter Heinritz and Elisabeth Lichtenberger , eds . Regional Input-Output Analysis . Geoffrey J. D. Hewings . Spatial Transportation Modeling . Christian Werner . The Atlas of Georgia . Thomas W. Hodler and Howard A. Schretter , eds . Latin America. 5th ed . Preston E. James and C.W. Minkel . Applied Remote Sensing . C.P. Lo . Localities, Class, and Gender . The Lancaster Regionalism Group . Urban Social Movements: The City after Castells . Stuart Lowe . Politics and Method . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan , eds . Land Use . A. S. Mather . The Kingdom of Coal . Donald L. Miller and Richard E. Sharpless . The Presidio and Militia on the Northern Frontier of New Spain, A Documentary History, Vol. 1: 1570–1700 . Thomas H. Naylor and Charles W. Polzer , S.J., comps . and eds . Nuclear Power: Siting and Safety . Stan Openshaw . The Central African Republic: The Continent's Hidden Heart . Thomas O'Toole . Environmental and Dynamic Geomorphology . Márton Pécsi , ed . Remote Sensing Principles and Interpretation . Floyd F. Sabins , Jr . Acid Rain and Friendly Neighbors: The Policy Dispute between Canada and the United States . Jurgen Schmandt and Hilliard Roderick , eds . Earth's Changing Surface: An Introduction to Geomorphology . M.J. Selby . International Migration: The Female Experience . Rita J. Simon and Caroline B. Brettell , eds . On Geography and Its History . D.R. Stoddart . Transportation Networks: A Quantitative Approach . D. Teodorovic . Processes in Physical Geography . R.D. Thompson , A.M. Mannion , C.W. Mitchell , M. Parry , J.R.G. Townshend . Imaging Radar for Resources Surveys . J.W. Trevett . Dominance and Affection: The Making of Pets . Yi -Fu Tuan . Capturing the Horizon. The Historical Geography of Transportation since the Transportation Revolution of the Sixteenth Century . James E. Vance , Jr . Nations at Risk: The Impact of the Computer Revolution . Edward Yourdon .     

斯洛文尼亚喀斯特生态环境与农业

通过对斯洛文尼亚喀斯特环境与农业的实地考察,首先回顾了该国历史上喀斯特环境的变迁,其次探论了斯洛文尼亚喀斯特环境与农业生产、人口变化以及与城市化、工业化的关系,最后讨论了斯洛文尼亚喀斯特环境治理的经验对我们喀斯特石漠化治理的启示。     

Analysis of soil biogeochemical characteristics in the process of karst rocky desertification

The sampling method of karst soil is always the one used for non-karst area. However, if the samples can represent the plot, it still needs further investigation due to high degree of spatial variability of karst soil. The study results of soil from the Maolan karst virgin forest in Guizhou Province elucidated that only the surface area-weighted samples could represent plot soils in the karst ecosystem. The remediation of karst rocky desertification has currently become a national issue, but soil degradation research on rocky desertification genesis types and processes is still insufficient. Soil physical, chemical, biological characteristics and enzymes activities from plots of different rocky desertification genesis types and grades in the Cha＇eryan catchment in the Huajiang Gorge area, Guizhou, were studied. The results showed that woodcutting and land reclamation influenced soil biogeochemical characteristics, and the influence of different disturbing ways was huge. The author suggested a soil degradation index system which could illustrate the rocky desertification genesis type and extent. The degraded modes of woodcutting and reclamation sequence were different, both had no synchronism with rocky desertification grades divided by current landscape index. Only soil of serious grade degraded evidently in wood cutting sequence. On the contrary, soils of slight, medium and serious grades degraded evidently in the reclamation sequence.     

Variations of nutrient element contents of plants and soils in the process of karst rocky desertification

The present research on karst rocky desertification is mainly focused on qualitative analysis and obviously lack of quantitative and successive mechanism studies. Currently, classification of rocky desertification grades mainly depends on ratio of rocky coverage or ratio of plant and soil coverage. The process of rocky desertification was divided into latent, slight, medium and serious grades without mention of soil degradation. The Cha＇eryan catchment in the Huajiang Gorge of Guizhou Province was selected as the research area in this paper. Soil basic physical characteristics, nutrient element contents of soil and plant were studied in the process of rocky desertification. The karst soil characteristics elucidated that the clay content was high, the contents of soil organic matter, nutrient element （except potassium and sodium）, available contents of elements （except of potassium） were also high; ashes of plants were rich in calcium and nitrogen, and poor in iron, zinc, potassium and phosphorus. Meanwhile, the contents of plant ashes showed a significant positive relationship with calcium content of plant. There were no clear relations between soil degradation and succession of rocky desertification according to current classification standard. Soil particle size distribution, specific gravity, soil organic matter content, total and available nutrient element contents did not vary with the succession of rocky desertification.     

广西石漠化危害与治理对策

广西岩溶区生态地质环境脆弱，石漠化明显，面积达27294．5km^2，严重地制约着地区的经济发展。广泛分布的纯碳酸岩是形成石漠化的基础，地貌植被退化过程也可促进石漠化。水和气候也是石漠化形成的重要条件。人口增长过快、不合理的土地开发、工业污染是形成石漠化的重要因素。但自然因素和人为因素的主次因地而异。文中针对石漠化的形成条件及原因，提出了治理对策，阐述了石漠化的治理需要采用治水、恢复生态环境、发展沼气、控制人口增长等综合治理模式。     

The impact of Dunhuang railway construction on land desertification

The area that the railway will cross is a region with the main physiognomies of desert and Gobi, with a most fragile ecological environment. It is also a region that is highly susceptible to man-made disturbance. The construction of railway will intensify soil erosion along the railway line to a certain degree. The map of soil erosion conditions in the section from Liugou to Dunhuang City in the range of 10 km each side along the line was compiled by using the techniques of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS). Based on analysis of the status of desertification and the influence of the railway construction projects, the changes of the types, intensities and the total amount of the soil erosion caused by the construction were predicted.     

花江喀斯特峡石漠化治理示范区水资源赋存特点及开发条件评价

文章阐述了贵州花江喀斯特峡谷石漠化治理示范区水资源赋存特点:降水资源比较丰富,但垂直差异大、干湿季节明显;坡面径流比较丰富,但时空分布不均;过境河流水量丰富,但水质较差;地下水资源量大,但空间分异明显。然后,从资源、经济、技术等不同层面综合分析了示范区水资源开发利用条件,指出示范区水资源开发利用中存在的主要问题:"三水"资源开发利用程度低,工程性缺水严重;"三水"资源时空分布不均,调控相对困难,有些技术还需开展攻关研究。最后简要提出相应的对策建议。     

全新世气候变化与中国北方沙漠化

气候变化是中国北方地区荒漠化形成发展的主要控制因素。新生代以来伴随着青藏高原的隆升和内陆盆地的下降逐渐形成的气候格局造就了北方地区荒漠化土地的分布。北方西部内陆盆地以干旱气候为主要特征,中部高原是受季风系统中夏季风和冬季风的消长变化影响最为显著的地区,东部地区则以暖湿气候为主,受夏季风控制。第四系以来气候的波动则控制着沙漠化的发展或逆转。末次间冰期以来一直持续的大约以1500a为周期的气候振荡对中国北方地区的沙漠化有重要的影响或控制作用。全新世以来,北方地区约在10000aBP、8000aBP、5500aBP、4000aBP、3000aBP、1500aBP的沙漠化过程分别与北大西洋第7、5、4、3、2和1次的浮冰事件相应,沙漠化扩大过程与全球气候变化的主要事件相一致。十年尺度上气候变化的周期性振荡对沙漠化有一定的影响,至少在生态环境脆弱的敏感地带对沙漠化可以起到控制作用。年际尺度上,6.7a和3.38a气候变化周期控制着我国北方地区沙尘暴的发生。此外,北方不同地区近150a以来的人类活动对沙漠化的扩大起到了重要作用。