沙尘暴多发区土地风蚀荒漠化诊断评价方法

利用卫星遥感技术,结合地面观测,确定植被盖度、裸地占地率和土壤质地3项因子为沙尘暴多发区风蚀荒漠化土地现状程度评价指标,并给出程度评价模型;在此基础上,考虑到非荒漠化土地及各程度荒漠化土地在面积上的组成比例,给出区域性土地风蚀荒漠化总体水平评价模型;并通过对内蒙古赤峰市及阿拉善盟两地区的土地风蚀荒漠化总体水平评价验证,证明此模型可作为沙尘暴多发区任意大小区域土地风蚀荒漠化水平评价方法。     

Desertification in the Arab Region: analysis of current status and trends

The total area of the Arab Region is about 14·2 million km², 90% of it lies within arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas. The area is characterized by harsh environment, fragile ecosystems and limited water resources and arable lands. Throughout its long history these lands were the main source of grain and animal production.By the end of this century and in spite of the national, regional and international efforts to combat desertification and mitigate the effect of drought and desiccation, desertification is still one of the major environmental problems in the Arab Region. The rapid increase in population by some 3% annually, considered among the highest worldwide, along with the changing of consumption patterns and life styles, resulting in increasing food demand, have hastened land degradation in this arid environment.Land degradation in the Arab Region due to misuse is widespread and is proceeding at accelerating rates. Failures of resource management policies are aggravated by overgrazing, overexploitation of water and land resources, overcultivation of marginal lands, deforestation, and the use of inappropriate technologies.This paper attempts to provide:

• A synthesis and analysis of the status of desertification in the Arab Region.

• Identification of the major causes and trends of land degradation.

• Highlighting the limitations and constraints on combating desertification in the Arab Region.

喀斯特石漠结皮层藓类物种多样性及在石漠化治理中的作用研究

根据对烂泥沟金矿区附近喀斯特石漠区域生物结皮的物种调查,藓类植物共7科9属13种,丛藓科(Pottiaceae)和牛舌藓科(Anomodontaceae)是该区的优势科.13种结皮藓类植物的生物量、成土量、饱和吸水率和饱和吸水量的测定结果显示,平均生物量为161~6 690kg/hm2;平均成土量为438~18 350 kg/hm2;平均饱和吸水率在780.43~1705.56%,最高的达到2 228.57%,最低的也有512.99%;平均饱和吸水量在1 256.5~18434.1kg/hm2,最高的达到68 140.3 kg/hm2.该结果说明,在喀斯特石漠这种缺少土壤、极度干旱且保水能力弱的环境区域,生物结皮层藓类植物以其特有的生态功能在石漠化治理、退化生态系统的恢复中具有十分重要的作用.     

干旱半干旱地区土地沙漠化信息系统的设计与应用

“数字地球”战略的提出得到各界人士的广泛关注,并从各自专业角度献计献策。但“数字地球”战略的实施必须以区域或专题为切入点。本文从我国干旱半干旱地区沙漠化比较严峻及西部大开发以生态环境建设为目标的背景出发,结合研究区的自然、人文特征,设计干旱半干旱地区沙漠化信息系统的总体结构、功能、模型,系统包括数据库管理子系统、土地沙漠化信息查询子系统、模型库管理子系统等。系统设计的同时选择典型示范区进行了实践。结果表明,系统在其数据项相关性方面已满足本专题GIS系统的功能和模型的要求,本系统可为生态环境恶化、土地沙漠化预测与评估以及决策部门及时采取防治措施和对策。提供迅速、动态的信息和技术支撑。     

西北干旱区水资源的合理开发利用与荒漠化防治

西北干旱区分布的巨大内陆盆地,如准噶尔、塔里木、柴达木盆地和河西走廊等,被认为是典型的戈壁沙漠地区,约占国土总面积的25％。由冰雪融水与降水补给形成的山区河流,流入山前平原,在戈壁带入渗地下,转化为地下水,并在绿洲带溢出地表,成为绿洲耕地的主要灌溉水源。自20世纪50年代以来,由于大规模的水利化建设,导致水资源条件发生巨大变化,生态环境严重恶化,最终导致大片土地荒漠化。因此,重点论述干旱区在人类经济活动影响下,水文系统的演变及其与水环境和生态环境之间的相互影响、相互制约关系。     

DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF DYNAMIC MONITORING AND VISUALIZATION MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM OF KARST LAND ROCKY DESERTIFICATION

In order to study the spatial-temporal change and environmental management of regional karst LUCC (land use and land cover change) and its causative environmental effect-rocky dcsertification by integrating qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, and relying on RS, GIS and GPS (3S) techniques, karst land rocky derification dynamic monitoring and visualization management information system (KLRD.DMVM.IS) is framed, which includes design aim and structure model, function design, database design and model system design. The model system design gives priority to dynamic monitoring, drive force diagnosis, comprehensive evaluation and decision support of karst rocky desertification. From the viewpoint of model type, mathematic expression and its meaning, the dynamic monitoring models are concretely devised to reflect the spatial and temporal changing features and the trend of karst LUCC and rocky desertification. Taking Du‘an Yao Autonomic County of Guangxi as an example, the KLRD.DMVM.1S is systematically analyzed in the application of the process and trend of karst LUCC and rocky desertiflcation in Du‘an County, and it provides the technical support for the study on karst land rocky desertification.     

塔里木盆地的环境格局与绿洲演化

塔里木盆地是中国最大的内陆盆地,它经过长期海陆变迁和盆山耦合作用形成。从元古代到晚二叠纪,一直处于海洋环境,几经海侵海退,有大量海相沉积。从二叠纪末开始,全区抬升,海水退出,盆地进入陆地发展阶段,以湖相和河流相沉积为主,仅在西部边缘有泻湖相沉积;至渐新世,印度板块与欧亚板块在帕米尔地区碰撞拼合,盆地彻底与古特提斯海分离,形成统一的内陆盆地。盆地的气候环境从晚白垩世就已向干热发展,形成了广泛的红色沉积和膏盐;上新世以来,青藏高原及其他山地快速隆升,对盆地的环境格局产生重大影响,盆地腹地出现荒漠化,风成沙堆积面积扩大;第四纪时,干旱化气候进一步加剧,塔克拉玛干沙漠逐渐形成;一些天然绿洲在盆地周围和河流流域相伴而生,从而奠定了今天塔里木盆地的环境格局。古时绿洲大部分是丝绸之路的连接点和集结地,在距今约2000年前的汉朝还比较繁荣,后来变成了废墟和荒漠,塔克拉玛干沙漠的南缘向南推进约100～150km,而注入盆地(沙漠)的河流向上游收缩几百公里。     

粤北石漠化地区植被退化及其与降雨截留量和土壤的相关性

在粤北石漠化地区运用面上调查、定位观测和模拟降雨试验相结合的方法,研究了石漠化地区植被退化特征及其与降雨截留量、土壤的相关性。结果表明：石漠化土地从轻度→中度→重度→极重度变化时,植物群落从草本+藤本+乔灌木→草本→苔藓变化,群落层片从4层→4层→2层→1层变化, 平均高度从87.06 cm→63.32 cm→42.13cm→6.21 cm变化,物种减少比例从0%→14%→46%→86%变化,植物优势种从黄连木+苎麻+黄荆+三裂叶野葛→黄连木+青蒿+野菊→五节芒+野古草+牛筋草→苔藓变化,Margalef丰富度指数从2.33 →2→1.25→0.33变化,Shannon-Wiener指数从2.96→2.31→1.94→0.42变化。植被退化特征与降雨和土壤理化性质都呈显著相关性。     

Early warning research on salt-alkalization desertification in western Songnen Plain

Desertification is an environmental issue in the world. The salt-alkalization desertification land area formed by both primary and secondary salt-alkalization has extended in a large scale, which has become a significant eco-environmental problem. Based on the characteristics of eco-environment and the situation of desertification in westem Songnen plain, this paper reports the analyzes of its formation in background and cause. An early waming system on the salt-alkalization desertification is established and the GIS technology is used to abstract the information of desertification evaluation index. Supported by the integrated technology of the GIS and ANN, the orientation and quantitative result of desertification are gained, which is helpful to the eco-environment protection and resource development in westem Songnen Plain.     

斯洛文尼亚喀斯特生态环境与农业

通过对斯洛文尼亚喀斯特环境与农业的实地考察,首先回顾了该国历史上喀斯特环境的变迁,其次探论了斯洛文尼亚喀斯特环境与农业生产、人口变化以及与城市化、工业化的关系,最后讨论了斯洛文尼亚喀斯特环境治理的经验对我们喀斯特石漠化治理的启示。