夏津县土地风沙化及其整治对策

夏津县土地风沙化问题突出,以农田土壤风蚀为主,以旱季最为严重。增加植被盖度,完善防护林体系,合理使用土地资源,是其整治的主要对策。     

30多年来呼伦贝尔草原沙漠化的演变特点及防治对策研究

采用遥感技术与野外调查相结合的方法,通过3个典型小区对呼伦贝尔草原30多年来的沙漠化演变特点进行了系统研究。结果表明:该区的樟子松林区发生着强烈的沙漠化逆转,许多地段已转变为非沙漠化土地;其它地区除部分地段由于人类的积极治理而发生沙漠化逆转外,仍处于不断发展的过程中。因此,对于樟子松天然分布区,可充分利用樟子松的优良防风固沙特性和较强的扩展能力来防治沙漠化,而对其它地区则应以封育为主,加强人工抚育和草原建设。     

基于多源遥感数据的玛纳斯河流域荒漠化监测

利用遥感手段对玛纳斯河流域绿洲-荒漠带的荒漠化状况进行监测。利用不同时期TM数据,在小尺度上分析该区域2000~2008年荒漠化土地的分布特征;基于MODIS陆地遥感产品(NDVI、Albedo及LST),利用多源信息复合法计算荒漠化程度指数;基于TM荒漠化监测结果对该指数进行分级处理,初步建立并验证基于MODIS数据的荒漠化监测评价模型。结果表明:近10 a来,绿洲外围荒漠化土地变化较小,大部分变化发生在绿洲内部,主要为局部荒漠化被开发或因盐碱化过重导致的撂荒;荒漠化监测评价模型对研究区荒漠化程度定量评价精度可达91.25%。     

Main progress and prospect for China's hydrogeological survey

This paper reviewed the main achievements of hydrogeological survey in China, summarized the significant progress of hydrogeological survey over the past decade, and forecasted the key responsibilities for hydrogeological survey in the p14th Five-year Planq. The significant progress includes: China established the 1: 50 000 standard hydrogeological survey system with Chinese characteristics and produced the new generation of high-quality hydrogeological maps; the national groundwater monitoring project was completed and accepted, which marks China taking the leading position in groundwater monitoring internationally; fruitful results were achieved in the national groundwater quality survey, and groundwater quality background values were basically identified and checked; hydrogeological and environmental geological survey was continuously promoted in karst areas and the ecological restoration of rocky desertification achieved remarkable results; China strengthened layer exploration techniques for groundwater, integrating the key and practical techniques of layer exploration and monitoring; the exploration of groundwater in the poverty-stricken regions and old revolutionary base areas were effectively promoted to strongly guarantee the poverty alleviation and drinking water safety; the mystery of desert groundwater was uncovered, making up for the shortage of 1: 250 000 hydrogeological survey in the Badain Jaran Desert; and more efforts were made to conduct survey on the water resources in the basin, and to finish the unified measurement of national-scale groundwater level.     

New technologies and systems for high quality citrus fruit production,labor-saving and orchard construction in mountain areas of Japan

Novel technologies have been necessary for improving fruit quality and productivity of citrus,labor-saving and orchard conservation on steep slope lands since aging of growers and decrease in the number of successors is remarkable in mountain areas of southwestern Japan. The purpose of this paper is to introduce new technologies for improving citrus production that have been developed in recent years. A new fruit quality control system using drip irrigation and liquid fertilization technique combined with year-round plastic mulching was developed, and it enables high quality and stable citrus fruit production. Water and/or nutrient solution is automatically supplied through drip tubes that are laid under the mulching sheets to give adequate water stress, so as to improve sugar and acid content of fruit. A new transportation system for steep sloping citrus orchards, which is a combination of the monorail system and contour narrow paths, was suggested. A small walking cultivator was developed to explain the procedure of narrow path excavation. After introducing the narrow path, working hours for fertilizer and chemicalherbicide application were reduced. Disasterpr evention mapping of citrus orchards on slope landswas developed based on computer-aided seepage estimation and topographic data. The mapping can show zones of both ascending flow and descendingflow of underground water during heavy rains incitrus orchards. The mapping is considered to be effective for the management of orchards andprevention of erosion on slope lands.     

从海岸滩涂变迁看上海滩涂土地资源的利用

海岸滩涂是上海市重要的土地后备资源,其在空间与时间上的表现又不尽相同。利用遥感技术可以分析与调查滩涂土地资源利用的分布与变化状况,为科学规划、合理保护和科学论证滩涂资源提供重要依据。该文针对上海市滩涂土地资源利用现状遥感调查,阐述了滩涂遥感信息的提取过程,讨论了其分布结构、多年变化情况,同时结合上海市可持续发展战略,对海岸滩涂开发利用提出了意见。     

中国的人为沙漠化因素对亚洲沙尘暴的贡献

以数值模拟与大规模网络观测的对比结果为基础,通过对“去除”已经沙化土地获得的近地面层粉尘浓度的进一步分析,结合已获得的亚洲沙尘暴各源区粉尘释放量结果,提出我国的人为沙漠化因素对亚洲沙尘暴的贡献约为6％的观点。     

桂林岩溶试验场植物多样性恢复及其水、气效应

岩溶区生态恢复是当前我国重视的焦点和生态学研究的热点之一。研究桂林岩溶试验场3个代表性样点的种属组成、区系地理成分、植物生活型谱,结果发现,经过近20年的生态恢复,试验场植物多样性迅速增加,生境获得改善。试验场1号洼地土壤CO2浓度年季变化以及S31号泉的水化学指标进一步证明了上述结论的正确性。     

近20 a来海南岛西部土地沙漠化与气候变化关联度研究

 根据生态基准面理论制定了海南岛西部沙漠化土地分级体系,运用遥感、野外调查和数理统计等方法,研究了海南岛西部近20 a来沙漠化时空变化及其与气候变化的关系。近20 a来,海南岛西部土地沙漠化总体缩小、局部反复,年均缩小6.23 km2,沙漠化程度明显降低,降级率为、{-44.84％、};气候呈增温增湿变化,出现多次异常年份。对近20 a来气候变化与沙漠化的因子分析和关联度分析表明, 人为活动的强度加大是海南岛西部沙漠化的主导作用,气候因子与沙漠化的关联序为:年均湿度>年均气温>大风日数>年均风速>年均降水>蒸发量,增温增湿的气候变化趋势对沙漠化逆转具有促进作用。     

河西走廊西端灌丛沙丘发育过程及其对沙漠化的指示意义

在风沙活动强烈的荒漠地区开展环境变化研究常缺乏符合要求的地质测年材料。灌丛沙丘是干旱区发育的一种特殊生物地貌类型,具有计年和储存环境信息的功能,可以用来重建沙丘的发育过程和过去的环境变化。以河西走廊西端花海盆地发育的灌丛沙丘沉积剖面为研究对象,基于AMS¹⁴C年代学及沉积物粒度、碳酸盐含量、地球化学元素等代用指标的分析,与文献记载、沙漠化监测数据和近几十年的器测气象资料对比分析,试图揭示区域灌丛沙丘的发育过程及其环境指示意义。结果表明：花海盆地灌丛沙丘的发育时间已超过800 年;20世纪60年代中后期至70年代早期人类活动的干扰曾使灌丛沙丘的堆积过程中断,但丰富的物源随后又促使灌丛沙丘再次快速发育。沙丘物源曾发生过剧烈的变化,使得灌丛沙丘沉积物中的粗颗粒组分和中值粒径并不适于作为环境代用指标重建区域的风沙环境变化,而细颗粒组分（<63 μm和<10 μm）和碳酸盐含量的变化,则揭示了研究区在20世纪70-80年代（沙丘高度300~420 cm）时获得了丰富的物质来源。灌丛沙丘沉积物中的Zr/Rb比值,能够作为良好的环境代用指标指示1970-1988年（沙丘高度300~420 cm）区域处在风沙活动较强烈的环境;近几十年花海盆地土地沙漠化明显,尤其是20世纪70年代和80年代。灌丛沙丘可以作为有较高可信度的地质记录载体,在河西走廊西端重建较长时间尺度的、高分辨率的区域气候环境演变历史。