全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1963篇 |
免费 | 194篇 |
国内免费 | 198篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 38篇 |
大气科学 | 147篇 |
地球物理 | 231篇 |
地质学 | 625篇 |
海洋学 | 37篇 |
天文学 | 339篇 |
综合类 | 56篇 |
自然地理 | 882篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 5篇 |
2023年 | 12篇 |
2022年 | 56篇 |
2021年 | 57篇 |
2020年 | 49篇 |
2019年 | 70篇 |
2018年 | 52篇 |
2017年 | 58篇 |
2016年 | 72篇 |
2015年 | 76篇 |
2014年 | 92篇 |
2013年 | 118篇 |
2012年 | 69篇 |
2011年 | 102篇 |
2010年 | 92篇 |
2009年 | 116篇 |
2008年 | 99篇 |
2007年 | 124篇 |
2006年 | 124篇 |
2005年 | 135篇 |
2004年 | 111篇 |
2003年 | 101篇 |
2002年 | 115篇 |
2001年 | 85篇 |
2000年 | 57篇 |
1999年 | 63篇 |
1998年 | 51篇 |
1997年 | 37篇 |
1996年 | 30篇 |
1995年 | 19篇 |
1994年 | 17篇 |
1993年 | 14篇 |
1992年 | 14篇 |
1991年 | 6篇 |
1990年 | 10篇 |
1989年 | 11篇 |
1988年 | 6篇 |
1987年 | 5篇 |
1986年 | 10篇 |
1985年 | 5篇 |
1984年 | 5篇 |
1983年 | 1篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有2355条查询结果,搜索用时 584 毫秒
51.
After dividing the source regions of the Yellow River into 38 sub-basins, the paper made use of the SWAT model to simulate streamflow with validation and calibration of the observed yearly and monthly runoff data from the Tangnag hydrological station, and simulation results are satisfactory. Five land-cover scenario models and 24 sets of temperature and precipitation combinations were established to simulate annual runoff and runoff depth under different scenarios. The simulation shows that with the increasing of vegetation coverage annual runoff increases and evapotranspiration decreases in the basin. When temperature decreases by 2oC and precipitation increases by 20%, catchment runoff will increase by 39.69%, which is the largest situation among all scenarios. 相似文献
52.
Temporal variability in the maternal environment and its effect on seed size and seed quality in Flourensia cernua DC. (Asteraceae). 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The biological phenomenon commonly referred to as maternal effect occurs whenever the environment exerts an influence upon the mother that is later expressed in characteristics of her offsprings. For example, the environmental conditions experienced by a mother plant during flowering and fruiting can modify the quality of her descendants (seeds), and even interrupt their development. Between-year variation in minimum temperature and the classic, between-year variation in precipitation represent an unpredictable environment for winter blooming plants in arid zones. In this study, we investigated the effect of maternal environment (temperature and precipitation) on seed size and seed quality in F. cernua, over a 5-year period. Results indicated that the proportion of filled seeds, as well as their size, increased with higher absolute minimum temperatures during seed formation, and that, to a lesser extent, both the precipitation occurred during the same period and the annual precipitation also have a positive influence on seed size. In this way, environmental conditions prevailing during seed formation exerted a strong maternal effect on the size and quality of seeds produced and, probably also, in the developmental possibilities of F. cernua seedlings. This effect was subject to important, between-year variation. 相似文献
53.
A simple, physically based method is developed in this paper to assist in the allocation of areas with high groundwater potential and for the determination of maximum allowed pumping rate to ensure proper groundwater management. This method utilizes the aquifer physical properties as well as GIS technology to accomplish this purpose. The design of this method was considered to be applicable in areas with little data, such as in most arid regions. This technique was applied to a catchment in an arid environment where qualitative as well as quantitative analyses of the results were undertaken. Locations of available groundwater and rates of maximum allowable pumping were compared with observations and experiments in the field and a good agreement was found. It was concluded that the best groundwater location was in the alluvial area, which represents only 16% of the total aquifer, which is a typical case in arid region catchments. The rate of maximum pumping was estimated to be 65 m3/h. However, to benefit 55% of the area, the maximum pumping rate should only be 40 m3/h with an average rate throughout the area (55%) of about 24 m3/h.This revised version was published online in December 2004 with corrections to the category. 相似文献
54.
Zakaria Boujamlaoui Thierry Bariac Philippe Biron Laurent Canale Patricia Richard 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2005,337(6):589-598
We seek to identify the depth to which water is extracted by the roots in the soil. Indeed, in an isotopic steady-state condition of leaf water, transpiration introduces into the atmosphere a vapour whose isotopic signature is identical to that of root water. In the isotopic models of atmospheric general circulation, it is classically allowed that the signature of transpiration belongs to the meteoric water line. This supposes that the water taken by the roots has escaped with the evaporation of the soil and comes thus from the deep layers of the soil. At the time of experimentation carried out on maize plants (Nemours, Seine-et-Marne, France), this extraction depth was inferred from the comparison between the signature of the water measured on the level of the first internode of the stems of the plants and the isotopic profile of water in the soil. When the flow of transpiration reaches a maximum value, the plant uptakes water resulting from precipitations and which preserves its non-evaporating character after having quickly infiltrated in the deep layers of the soil. This relates to only 55% of the flux transpired by the canopy, the remainder presenting an evaporating character more or less marked according to ambient conditions. This experiment invalidates the classical hypothesis used in isotopic models of general atmospheric circulation in temperate regions. In fact, only half the amount of water vapour transpired by the canopy during the day presents a signature similar to that of the rainwater sampled in deep soil layers. To cite this article: Z. Boujamlaoui et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005). 相似文献
55.
Using CRD method for quantification of groundwater recharge in the Gaza Strip, Palestine 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Husam Baalousha 《Environmental Geology》2005,48(7):889-900
Rainfall is the main source of groundwater recharge in the Gaza Strip area in Palestine. The area is located in the semi-arid
zone and there is no source of recharge other than rainfall. Estimation of groundwater recharge from rainfall is not an easy
task since it depends on many uncertain parameters. The cumulative rainfall departure (CRD) method, which depends on the water
balance principle, was used in this study to estimate the net groundwater recharge from rainfall. This method does not require
much data as is the case with other classical recharge estimation methods. The CRD method was carried out using optimisation
approach to minimise the root mean square error (RMSE) between the measured and the simulated groundwater head. The results
of this method were compared with the results of other recharge estimation methods from literature. It was found that the
results of the CRD method are very close to the results of the other methods, but with less data requirements and greater
ease of application. Based on the CRD method, the annual amount of groundwater recharge from rainfall in the Gaza Strip is
about 43 million m3.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
56.
The use of the exponent K(q) function to delimit homogeneous regions in regional frequency analysis of extreme annual daily rainfall 下载免费PDF全文
A. P. García‐Marín J. Estévez C. Sangüesa‐Pool R. Pizarro‐Tapia J. L. Ayuso‐Muñoz F. J. Jimenez‐Hornero 《水文研究》2015,29(1):139-151
The regional frequency analysis of extreme annual rainfall data is a useful methodology in hydrology to obtain certain quantile values when no long data series are available. The most crucial step in the analysis is the grouping of sites into homogeneous regions. This work presents a new grouping criterion based on some multifractal properties of rainfall data. For this purpose, a regional frequency analysis of extreme annual rainfall data from the Maule Region (Chile) has been performed. Daily rainfall data series of 53 available stations have been studied, and their empirical moments scaling exponent functions K(q) have been obtained. Two characteristics parameters of the K(q) functions (γmax and K(0)) have been used to group the stations into three homogeneous regions. Only five sites have not been possible to include into any homogenous regions, being the local frequency analysis of extreme daily rainfall the most appropriate method to be used at these locations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
57.
WANG Fang HE Yongtao FU Gang NIU Ben ZHANG Haorui LI Meng WANG Zhipeng WANG Xiangtao ZHANG Xianzhou 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2020,11(3):290-297
Enclosure is one of the most widely used management tools for degraded alpine grassland on the northern Tibetan Plateau, but the responses of different types of grassland to enclosure may vary, and research on these responses can provide a scientific basis for improving ecological conservation. This study took one site for each of three grassland types (alpine meadow, alpine steppe and alpine desert) on the northern Tibetan Plateau as examples, and explored the effects of enclosure on plant and soil nutrients by comparing differences in plant community biomass, leaf-soil nutrient content and their stoichiometry between samples from inside and outside the fence. The results showed that enclosure can significantly increase all aboveground biomass in these three grassland types, but it only increased the 10-20 cm underground biomass in the alpine desert. Enclosure also significantly increased the leaf nutrient content of the dominant plants and contents of total nitrogen (N), total potassium (K), and organic carbon (C) in 10-20 cm soil in alpine desert, thus changing the stoichiometry between C, N and P (phosphorus). However, enclosure significantly increased only the N content of dominant plant leaves in alpine steppe, while other nutrients and stoichiometries of both plant leaves and soil did not show significant differences in alpine meadow and alpine steppe. These results suggested that enclosure has differential effects on these three types of alpine grasslands on the northern Tibetan Plateau, and the alpine desert showed the most active ecological conservation in the responses of its soil and plant nutrients. 相似文献
58.
Mingjuan Xie Geping Luo Olaf Hellwich Amaury Frankl Wenqiang Zhang Chunbo Chen Chen Zhang Philippe De Maeyer 《水文研究》2021,35(12):e14444
The study of water fluxes is important to better understand hydrological cycles in arid regions. Data-driven machine learning models have been recently applied to water flux simulation. Previous studies have built site-scale simulation models of water fluxes for individual sites separately, requiring a large amount of data from each site and significant computation time. For arid areas, there is no consensus as to the optimal model and variable selection method to simulate water fluxes. Using data from seven flux observation sites in the arid region of Northwest China, this study compared the performance of random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), back propagation neural network (BPNN), and multiple linear regression (MLR) models in simulating water fluxes. Additionally, the study investigated inter-annual and seasonal variation in water fluxes and the dominant drivers of this variation at different sites. A universal simulation model for water flux was built using the RF approach and key variables as determined by MLR, incorporating data from all sites. Model performance of the SVM algorithm (R2 = 0.25–0.90) was slightly worse than that of the RF algorithm (R2 = 0.41–0.91); the BPNN algorithm performed poorly in most cases (R2 = 0.15–0.88). Similarly, the MLR results were limited and unreliable (R2 = 0.00–0.66). Using the universal RF model, annual water fluxes were found to be much higher than the precipitation received at each site, and natural oases showed higher fluxes than desert ecosystems. Water fluxes were highest during the growing season (May–September) and lowest during the non-growing season (October–April). Furthermore, the dominant drivers of water flux variation were various among different sites, but the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil moisture and soil temperature were important at most sites. This study provides useful insights for simulating water fluxes in desert and oasis ecosystems, understanding patterns of variation and the underlying mechanisms. Besides, these results can make a contribution as the decision-making basis to the water management in desert and oasis ecosystems. 相似文献
59.
《Geoforum》2016
This paper introduces a unique industrial configuration that has emerged in Beijing, where three economic clusters in the biomedical industry, originally established as industrial/research parks, have developed parallel to each other. This configuration of multiple co-located clusters of the same industry, which has not been discussed before, raises the question of whether the industrial/research parks are competing for the same resources, or whether they are complementary to each other and can collectively be viewed as a new type of industrial configuration. The paper conceptualizes a framework of multiple clusters in mega-city regions that distinguishes between collaborating and competing clusters and presents initial empirical evidence for the Beijing case. As such, this research aims to unravel the phenomenon of multiple clusters in mega-city regions and to understand the complex spatial interrelationships that exist within and beyond multiple co-located clusters in the same industry. 相似文献
60.
Since the forest eco-hydrology of arid area shows a well sensitivity of the global climate change, the relationship between forest and water and the hydrological function has attracted the attention of academic communites and management departments. This paper expounds the research progress in arid mountain forest eco-hydrology, and analyses the formation and stable mechanism of forest patch pattern, the relationship between forest and water yield and the response of forest eco-hydrology to climate change from three aspects: Forest spatial pattern, hydrological process and its response to climate change. In addition, combined with the current research progress, the research emphases in the future are put forward: Strengthening the research on the coupling of vegetation pattern and hydrological process; solving the scale problem by using remote sensing technique and model; enhancing the understanding towards the hydrological function of forest; determining the suitable forest scale which can balance the relationship of ecology and hydrological effect. 相似文献