沟谷型沙漠泥流堆积体起动过程中的孔压变化特性

以黄河上游宁蒙段典型风水复合侵蚀流域为研究区域,重点针对堆积体堵塞沟道极端条件下的沟谷型沙漠泥流,从堆积体起动成灾的环节入手,开展直槽概化模型试验,并采用基于有效应力原理的流固耦合模型,概化模拟上游暴雨洪水入渗条件下堆积体内孔隙水压力变化特性及其起动过程,从微观角度揭示其成灾机理。结果表明：堆积体起动过程中孔隙水压力与时间呈指数为0.5的幂函数关系;流固耦合作用下堆积体内经历了应力场→体积应变→孔隙率→孔隙水压力→渗流场→塑性应变→屈服破坏的复杂非线性变化过程。     

内蒙古荒漠草原沙生针茅(Stipa glareosa)、碱韭(Allium polyrhizum)和骆驼蓬(Peganum harmala)叶形态性状对土壤水氮耦合的响应

研究降水和氮沉降对荒漠草原植物叶形态性状的影响,对于预测未来全球变化下荒漠草原植物的生态适应具有重要意义.对增减雨(±50％)和氮添加(10 g·m-2.a-1)及其交互作用对乌拉特荒漠草原区优势植物叶形态性状的影响研究结果表明:(1)沙生针茅(Stipa glareosa)、碱韭(Allium polyrhizum)...     

生物土壤结皮固沙理论与实践

生物土壤结皮是由土壤微生物、藻类、地衣和苔藓等孢子植物类群与土壤颗粒形成的有机复合体,在全球干旱区地表广泛分布,是干旱地表生物覆被层的主要构建者.生物土壤结皮是荒漠植物群落演替的先锋类群,能够提高荒漠地表的稳定性,固定碳和氮等营养元素,增加土壤肥力,并在保持土壤水分方面发挥重要作用,因此在干旱区受损地表的生态修复方面具...     

内蒙古达拉特旗高头窑镇土地利用变化及其对土地沙化的影响

以达拉特旗西南部的高头窑镇为研究区域,以达拉特旗1987、1995、2000和2003年四期遥感影像为信息源,在3S技术支持下,对遥感影像进行解译,获得1987-2003年来四个时期的沙漠化动态变化数据,分析了高头窑镇20世纪80年代中期到21世纪初的沙漠化变化情况。结果表明:该地区近20年来,沙漠化土地处于发展-发展-逆转的过程中。研究区是典型的荒漠草原区,草原在各土地利用类型中始终占有绝对优势,农田、林地和高盖度草原的面积变化较大,各种土地利用类型之间的转化主要表现为各种沙丘类型之间的转化、各种草原类型之间的转化和草原与固定沙丘之间的转化。1987-2000年期间,草原和林地的退化是导致沙漠化严重发展的主要原因。2000-2003年间,土地类型之间的转化表现为固定沙丘、半固定沙丘和林地向草原的转化,这种转化有利于沙漠化的逆转。可见,在高头窑地区,草原的退化是导致沙漠化的主要原因,因此,在沙漠化的治理方面,应该合理利用草原,防止过度放牧,大力倡导退林还草。     

Mosaic desert pavement influences water infiltration and vegetation distribution on fluvial fan surfaces

Desert pavements (DPs) are critical for maintaining ecological stability and promoting near-surface hydrological cycling in arid regions. However, few studies have focused on eco-hydrological processes of DPs in the ecological systems of fluvial fans. Although DP surfaces appear to be barren and flat, we found that the surfaces are characterized by surface mosaic patterns of desert pavement (mosaic DP) and bare ground (mosaic BG). We investigated the effects of mosaic DP on water infiltration and vegetation distribution at six sites in fluvial fans (one on a hillside and five within the sectors of fans) along a southwest belt transect in northern Linze County, in the central Hexi Corridor (China). We found significant differences in mosaic DP between the hillside and sector sites in terms of pavement thickness and vesicular horizon thickness (Av thickness), particle composition, and bulk density, although significant differences were absent for mass soil water content, gravel coverage, and surface gravel size. The mosaic DP inhibited water infiltration by the pavement layer, where the sorptivity (S), initial infiltration rate (i_int), steady-state infiltration rate (i_sat) and infiltration time (T) averaged 1.19 cm/min^-0.5, 0.64 cm/min, 0.13 cm/min and 12.76 min, respectively. Where the pavement layer was scalped, the S, i_int, and i_sat increased by 0.27 cm/min^-0.5, 0.52 cm/min, and 0.40 cm/min, respectively, and the T reduced by 7.42 min. Water infiltration was mainly controlled by the pavement layer thickness (+), Av thickness (−), surface gravel coverage (−), fine earth (+) and fine gravel (−) in the pavement layer. The DP surfaces only had a sparse covering of shrubs, but an abundance of herbs. Few shrubs were present on the mosaic DP, but a greater number of shrubs and herbs grew on the mosaic BG. It can be concluded that DPs can maintain vegetation stability for different surface mosaic patterns. This study deepens our understanding of the eco-hydrological cycle of DP landscapes in arid regions.     

Origin of calcium in aerosols over the western North Pacific

Weekly aerosol samples were collected from March 1981 to June 1983 at the six stations in the western North Pacific region and analyzed for Ca and Na. By coupling data with those previously reported for Al (Tsunogai et al., 1985), the following results and conclusion have been obtained. There was a positive correlation between the atmospheric concentration of Al and the concentration of nonsea salt Ca (nssCa). The nssCa/Al ratios from the six stations, however, considerably varied (from 0.84±0.36 to 3.00±1.91), and the ratios were usally larger than those of the crustal average or of usual soil in Japan. The Ca/Al ratios of Asian desert soil and loess vary from 0.52 to 1.29, which are similar to the nssCa/Al ratios of aerosols in the surface air over the western North Pacific region except at Onna, Okinawa. The exception may be due to a local effect of coral. These results suggest that a large part of nonsea salt Ca in the surface air over the western North Pacific is derived from arid regions in Asia and that the nssCa/Al ratio in aerosol varies with that of the source material.     

“绿洲”概念小议

本文探讨了绿洲的概念，认为绿洲的内涵应扬４方面：（１）绿洲位于荒漠区；（２）水是绿洲存在的基础；（３）茂盛的植被是洲的主体景观；（４）地貌部及人类活动对绿洲发展与演变起着重要作用。     

铅在灰钙土土壤—植物系统与环境中的迁移和环境容量

本文通过作物盆栽试验、区域调查、农田径流和淋溶试验以及土壤生化活性和微生物试验,研究了铅在土壤、植物、水体中的迁移和累积,并通过迁移模式的计算得出了铅的土壤临界浓度和环境容量。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠中的古河道与地下水

塔克拉玛干沙漠中发育有众多的古河道，其密集区主要集中在大沙漠中部。不同河流的古河道，含水层岩性有明显差异，地下水的富水性也明显不同。但沿古河道，地下水富水性均较两侧好，水质也相对较好，多为淡水和微咸水，为在沙漠区寻找水资源提供了方向