甘肃酒泉荒漠戈壁灌木群落优势物种生态位特征

了解物种利用资源和占据生态空间的能力,对维持完善和科学保育荒漠戈壁植物群落的多样性具有重要意义。在综合反映各生态因子作用的群落类型和海拔梯度组合而成的两条资源轴上,测度分析了甘肃酒泉荒漠戈壁灌木群落主要优势种的生态位特征。结果表明：(1)在群落类型和海拔梯度两条资源轴上,红砂（Reaumuria songarica）、泡泡刺（Nitraria sphaerocarpa）和合头草（Sympegma regelii）的重要值和生态位宽度均较大,说明这些物种适应能力强,能够较好地利用环境资源,分布范围大,作为荒漠戈壁灌木群落中的广域种具有重要的生态地位和作用。(2)荒漠戈壁优势物种间的生态位重叠值多数较小,在群落类型和海拔梯度资源轴上生态位重叠值小于0.5的分别占总种对的62.63%和77.89%。生态位宽度大的物种之间一般生态位重叠值较高,物种利用资源能力强且存在竞争关系;然而,生态位宽度较小的物种与其他物种之间的生态位重叠程度较低,不同物种在环境资源的需求上产生互补,可以和谐共存;生态位宽度小的物种之间生态位重叠值仍较高,物种分布呈斑块现象;因此,生态位重叠与生态位宽度之间无显著相关性。(3)荒漠戈壁优势物种间总体表现为不显著的正关联,表明该植被群落结构及其物种之间处于稳定共存的状态。     

干旱荒漠区土地利用方式快速转变对土壤入渗性能的影响

研究不同土地利用类型下土壤入渗及其影响因素,有助于城市土地利用管理及径流调节。以快速城市化的兰州新区6种土地利用类型为例,利用圆盘入渗仪,对土壤水分入渗过程进行了实地测量,并利用主成分分析对影响因素进行研究。结果表明：城市化过程中土地利用变化使土壤砂粒和容重增加,总孔隙度和饱和含水量降低;待建地和人工林地的土壤入渗参数值均低于其他土地利用类型。土壤入渗率与有机质含量、总孔隙度、饱和含水量、粉粒含量正相关,与容重和砂粒、黏粒含量负相关。城市化过程中土地利用类型向待建地的转变改变了土壤理化性质及土壤水分入渗能力。     

毛乌素沙地锦鸡儿（Caragana）根系微域细菌群落多样性特征

基于16S rRNA高通量基因测序技术,对毛乌素沙地小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla)、柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii）根系微域（即根系、根际土、根区土、灌丛间空白土）间的细菌群落多样性和结构差异性进行表征。本研究对各根系微域间细菌群落的Alpha多样性指数进行了单因素方差分析以及基于OTU水平的PCA分析,探究其在根系微域间Alpha和Beta多样性的层级变化,证实了有关植物根系微域生态位分化的报道,并发现锦鸡儿属植物根系微域间细菌群落的多样性和结构组成随着4个微域类型由外及内呈现出显著的层级差异性（P<0.05）。通过对优势细菌群组的结构组成分析,发现锦鸡儿属植物对特定细菌群组具有显著的向根系内筛选富集的作用（P<0.05）。这种植物通过根系微域对特定细菌群组的逐级筛选富集作用,是导致锦鸡儿属植物灌丛下不同生态位间细菌群落结构和组成发生层级变异的主要原因。     

晚更新世末期东亚季风活动与陆架区沉积环境变迁

从距今 18 0 0 0年的最后冰期最盛时期到距今 10 0 0 0年开始的全新世海侵 ,全球气侯发生过急剧的变化。位于亚洲东部的古季风活动也经历了盛衰变化。大量的钻孔及浅地层剖面分析资料已经证实 ,冰期最盛时期陆架区古季风活动加强 ,陆架出现了沙漠环境与黄土沉积。当冰期结束 ,气候转暖 ,冬季风减弱之际 ,南黄海陆架及长江三角洲一带的沙漠与黄土分布范围也随之缩小 ,原先的沙漠活动区变成了黄土分布区 ,也就是所谓硬粘土沉积区。随着古季风活动的进一步衰退和海面的不断升高 ,来自陆架区的东北风变为冷湿气流。长江三角洲地区和陆架上出现了有利于沼泽发育的环境 ,全新世海侵把泥炭层淹没。陆架区晚更新世末期以来的地层中出现沙层、硬粘土和泥炭层的沉积序列 ,即“三元沉积结构”,是古冬季风盛衰过程的最好记录     

苔藓生物结皮层腐殖质组成变化特征研究

腐殖质组成是表征土壤化学性质的主要指标之一,在某种程度对评价风沙土的发育过程具有意义。采集了不同气候区沙地沙漠苔藓生物结皮层样品,采用重铬酸钾容量法和光密度法测定了苔藓结皮层腐殖质组成含量和胡敏酸吸光特性。结果表明：随着干燥指数的增加,苔藓结皮层有机质含量由14.93 g·kg^-1降低到9.89 g·kg^-1,腐殖酸总量由5.1 g·kg^-1降低到2.0 g·kg^-1,胡敏酸含量由2.9 g·kg^-1降低到 0.7 g·kg^-1,富里酸含量由2.2 g·kg^-1降低到1.3 g·kg^-1,胡敏酸与富里酸比值（HA/FA）由1.32降低到0.54,E₄/E₆比值则由4.28增加到5.83。苔藓结皮层腐殖质组成含量及胡敏酸吸光特性具有地带性变化趋势,并影响着生物结皮层及流动风沙土的发育演变过程。     

荒漠绿洲湿地土壤水热盐动态过程及其影响机制

以甘肃临泽荒漠绿洲湿地为研究对象,通过对土壤温度、含水量、电导率及蒸散量的野外观测,在植物生长期和冻融期分别深入分析水热盐耦合运移过程及其影响因素,探讨水热梯度对盐分运移及其分布格局的控制作用。结果表明：土壤温度整体呈现出春夏季逐渐升高、秋冬季降低趋势。在冻结期,土壤表现为脱盐状态,表层电导率由2.8 mS·cm^-1降到1.2 mS·cm^-1;而在消融期为积盐状态,表层电导率由1.2 mS·cm^-1升到3.7 mS·cm^-1。在生长期,土壤含水量和电导率波动较为剧烈,表层含水量27%~43%,表层电导率3~5.5 mS·cm^-1,土壤脱盐、积盐反复出现。全年蒸散量总体呈单峰变化趋势,年蒸散量507 mm;土壤电导率与蒸散量呈正比关系,与地下水位呈负相关关系;蒸散发作用是土壤表层积盐的主要驱动力,而地下水波动影响着湿地脱盐、洗盐过程。因此,荒漠绿洲湿地土壤盐分累积过程是水分运移和热量传输过程发生变化的结果。     

沟谷型沙漠泥流堆积体起动过程中的孔压变化特性

以黄河上游宁蒙段典型风水复合侵蚀流域为研究区域,重点针对堆积体堵塞沟道极端条件下的沟谷型沙漠泥流,从堆积体起动成灾的环节入手,开展直槽概化模型试验,并采用基于有效应力原理的流固耦合模型,概化模拟上游暴雨洪水入渗条件下堆积体内孔隙水压力变化特性及其起动过程,从微观角度揭示其成灾机理。结果表明：堆积体起动过程中孔隙水压力与时间呈指数为0.5的幂函数关系;流固耦合作用下堆积体内经历了应力场→体积应变→孔隙率→孔隙水压力→渗流场→塑性应变→屈服破坏的复杂非线性变化过程。     

极端干旱荒漠区典型晴天大气热力边界层结构分析

利用极端干旱区敦煌野外观测试验资料,分析了极端干旱荒漠区夏季典型晴天位温、风速、比湿等主要物理要素的垂直结构特征及其地表热力和近地层大气运动特征的日变化规律。发现在极端干旱地区夏季晴天大气热力边界层结构十分独特。在夜间,贴地逆温层最低在900 m以上,最厚可以达到1 750 m,逆温层上面的残余层一般能达到4 000 m左右的高度。在白天,位温超绝热递减层高达1 000 m,超绝热递减层上面的混合层最高达3 700 m,混合层顶上还有大约450 m甚至更厚的夹卷层。当白天对流层发展达到残余层以后,混合层的发展明显加快。风速和比湿垂直廓线特征很好地印证了大气热力边界层独特的结构特征,地表热力和近地层大气运动特征也为这种独特的大气热力边界层结构提供了较好的物理支持。     

Mosaic desert pavement influences water infiltration and vegetation distribution on fluvial fan surfaces

Desert pavements (DPs) are critical for maintaining ecological stability and promoting near-surface hydrological cycling in arid regions. However, few studies have focused on eco-hydrological processes of DPs in the ecological systems of fluvial fans. Although DP surfaces appear to be barren and flat, we found that the surfaces are characterized by surface mosaic patterns of desert pavement (mosaic DP) and bare ground (mosaic BG). We investigated the effects of mosaic DP on water infiltration and vegetation distribution at six sites in fluvial fans (one on a hillside and five within the sectors of fans) along a southwest belt transect in northern Linze County, in the central Hexi Corridor (China). We found significant differences in mosaic DP between the hillside and sector sites in terms of pavement thickness and vesicular horizon thickness (Av thickness), particle composition, and bulk density, although significant differences were absent for mass soil water content, gravel coverage, and surface gravel size. The mosaic DP inhibited water infiltration by the pavement layer, where the sorptivity (S), initial infiltration rate (i_int), steady-state infiltration rate (i_sat) and infiltration time (T) averaged 1.19 cm/min^-0.5, 0.64 cm/min, 0.13 cm/min and 12.76 min, respectively. Where the pavement layer was scalped, the S, i_int, and i_sat increased by 0.27 cm/min^-0.5, 0.52 cm/min, and 0.40 cm/min, respectively, and the T reduced by 7.42 min. Water infiltration was mainly controlled by the pavement layer thickness (+), Av thickness (−), surface gravel coverage (−), fine earth (+) and fine gravel (−) in the pavement layer. The DP surfaces only had a sparse covering of shrubs, but an abundance of herbs. Few shrubs were present on the mosaic DP, but a greater number of shrubs and herbs grew on the mosaic BG. It can be concluded that DPs can maintain vegetation stability for different surface mosaic patterns. This study deepens our understanding of the eco-hydrological cycle of DP landscapes in arid regions.     

Origin of calcium in aerosols over the western North Pacific

Weekly aerosol samples were collected from March 1981 to June 1983 at the six stations in the western North Pacific region and analyzed for Ca and Na. By coupling data with those previously reported for Al (Tsunogai et al., 1985), the following results and conclusion have been obtained. There was a positive correlation between the atmospheric concentration of Al and the concentration of nonsea salt Ca (nssCa). The nssCa/Al ratios from the six stations, however, considerably varied (from 0.84±0.36 to 3.00±1.91), and the ratios were usally larger than those of the crustal average or of usual soil in Japan. The Ca/Al ratios of Asian desert soil and loess vary from 0.52 to 1.29, which are similar to the nssCa/Al ratios of aerosols in the surface air over the western North Pacific region except at Onna, Okinawa. The exception may be due to a local effect of coral. These results suggest that a large part of nonsea salt Ca in the surface air over the western North Pacific is derived from arid regions in Asia and that the nssCa/Al ratio in aerosol varies with that of the source material.