中国天山乌鲁木齐河径流分割和水文化学过程

Daily samples of stream water were continuously collected for solute analysis at three sections in the headwater basin of the rmqi River from April 30 to June 8, 1997. Solute data for chemographs showed that ionic pulse occurred in stream water at G1 and DC Sections, having a weak impact on solute concentrations of BS Section. Hydrological separation using reactive dissolved silica as a tracer demonstrated that soil-restored water or subsurface water occupied approximately 39.6%, 69.9% and 77.1% of the total discharges at G1, DC and BS Sections, respectively. However, low runoff and subsurface water proportion at the glacial basin didn′t mean lower exports of some solute in stream water. High denudation rates derived from glacial comminution for pyrite, gypsum and biotite made the concentrations of K + and SO 2- 4 in stream water at G1 Section several times those at DC and BS Sections. Dissolution of pyrite might produce extra H +, while dissolution of carbonate and gypsum might largely consume H +, resulting in stream water not to be finally sensitive to acidification.     

济阳坳陷中、新生代成熟度曲线及其在剥蚀量计算中的运用

在地温场的作用下,样品的镜质体反射率与埋深呈指数关系。依据大量的分析测试数据,拟合了济阳坳陷新生代成熟度曲线关系式,并根据济阳坳陷中、新生代古地温梯度、古地表温度的差异性,推算出中生代成熟度曲线关系式,为该地区分析、判断烃源岩的成熟度提供了参考依据。在此基础上,利用热史演化与构造升降的对应关系,介绍了利用镜质体反射率资料推算地层剥蚀量的两种具体方法,并就济阳坳陷中生界与古生界不整合面的地层剥蚀量进行了实例分析。结果表明,发生于晚三叠世的印支运动造成了济阳坳陷区3000余米的地层剥蚀,剥蚀掉的地层包括早、中三叠世沉积的全部地层及石炭系顶部的部分地层,从而得出济阳坳陷区三叠纪地层的缺失不是沉积缺失,而是剥蚀缺失的认识。     

中国主要流域盆地风化剥蚀率的控制因素

利用中国40余条主要河流及其支流的沉积物和溶解质载荷分别去表征流域盆地的物理剥蚀率和化学风化率。研究发现,中国流域盆地的总剥蚀率明显高于世界平均值,且具有南北低中间高的地理分布特点,黄河中游的皇甫川机械和总剥蚀率是世界上已知的最高值。根据流域盆地的机械剥蚀率、化学风化率和总剥蚀率及其影响因子之间的相关分析,得出中国流域盆地中的机械剥蚀率在总剥蚀率中占主导地位,机械剥蚀率和总剥蚀率主要由流域的干旱指数和相对高差来控制,不同流域之间总剥蚀率72%的差异是由于这两个参数所造成的。而化学风化率在总剥蚀率中总是处于次要地位,它主要受到流域年均降水量和气温的影响(39%),且不受机械剥蚀率的控制。流域盆地自身属性、径流量、最高海拔和森林覆盖率对流域岩石的风化剥蚀率影响不大。构造活动提高了流域的机械剥蚀率和化学风化率,且对机械剥蚀率的影响更强烈。与世界流域盆地相比,中国流域盆地受到流域干旱指数的影响更为显著。     

陕西洛南洛源原生金地球化学异常特征与洛河砂金矿预测

洛源原生金地球化学异常具有浓集中心分散、规模小、几何浓度内带大面积出露、组分较复杂和水平分带不清等特征,表明洛源金矿化主要为分散矿化,而且具较大的剥蚀深度。金的原生地球化学异常源为小的含金断裂构造带。地球化学异常区的冰川活动,加速了此区的剥蚀作用。洛河砂金矿是在上淤汇水盆地中金的分散矿化被强烈剥蚀下形成的。金的分散矿化范围大,空白水系少,稀释作用受仰制,为洛河砂金矿形成创造了良好的条件。从洛河的淘金历史和现状以及对砂金的总量预测来看,洛河砂金矿是很有远景的。     

四维剥蚀地貌的计算机模拟

该文根据戴维斯山地演化模型 ,推导了四维剥蚀地貌的数学模型 ,阐述如何基于这个数学模型 ,采用计算机模拟四维剥蚀地貌。最后详细介绍两个四维剥蚀地貌的计算机模拟实例     

Chemical denudation rates in Kärkevagge, Swedish Lapland

This study examines the spatial and temporal variability of chemical denudation rates in Kärkevagge, northern Sweden. The chemical flux rates within the valley are strongly influenced by the local geology. Chemical denudation rates determined for the study period are more than double those previously reported in the literature for this valley. Rates of greater than 46t km⁻² a⁻¹ were measured at the valley mouth over the course of the melt season. This difference is likely due to differences in measurement technique compared to that used by past researchers. This rate is also much higher than for other arctic and alpine watersheds. Chemical denudation in Kärkevagge is comparable to larger temperate rivers. The rapid chemical denudation in Kärkevagge is likely due to sulfide weathering creating acid solutions.     

Geo–ecology and management of sensitive montane landscapes

Montane (alpine) areas are generally of high value for nature conservation. Such environments and the habitats they support are dynamic and often fragile. They are vulnerable to disturbance from a range of human activities and are responsive to climate changes over short and long timescales. Biodiversity and conservation values are closely linked to geological history, geomorphological processes and soils, and it is crucial that management systems are based on understanding these links.
There are many similarities between the Cairngorm Mountains (Scotland), the Giant Mountains (Czech Republic) and Abisko Mountains (Sweden) in terms of geology, geomorphology, ecology, links with biodiversity and high conservation importance. Comparable pressures and management issues involve, to varying degrees, a history of human use and impacts from deforestation, pasturing, grazing, recreation and atmospheric pollution. Landscape change therefore involves a complex interplay between natural and anthropogenic factors. Managing such change requires better understanding of the geo–ecological processes involved and the factors that determine landscape sensitivity. This is illustrated through a simple framework and examples from the three areas. Comparison of landscape sensitivity between similar montane areas, but in different geographic locations and climatic environments, should allow more informed management planning and a precautionary approach in advance of further changes in human activity and from predicted global warming scenarios.     

晚新生代青藏高原北缘构造变形和剥蚀变化及其与山脉隆升关系

青藏高原的差异性隆升是一个涉及高原隆升过程和机理的重要科学问题，利用青藏高原北部塔里木盆地，柴达木盆地与河西走廊盆地的地层沉积序列推算了高原北缘西昆仑山、阿尔金山和祁连山系晚新生代以来的山脉剥蚀幅度化特征，得到了青藏高原北缘山系隆升运动差异的传播比，它们基本上反映了晚新生代西昆仑山、阿尔金山和祁连山隆升运动的差异程度。高原北缘山系垂直运动速率的计算值与实测资料对比是相吻合的，进而研究了青藏高原北缘山系构造缩短变形，剥蚀变化与山脉隆升的关系。研究表明，青藏高原二期隆升时祁连山的高度在2400-3100m的范围内。     

"趋势厚度法"在塔里木盆地阿克库勒凸起地层剥蚀量恢复中的应用

恢复地层剥蚀厚度是定量研究构造演化史和油气地质定量分析的重要基础工作。由于受资料程度及区域地质等条件的限制,许多传统方法都具有局限性。这里结合阿克库勒地区海西期构造运动剥蚀量较大,且形成的侵蚀面在地震剖面上极易识别的实际情况,提出了利用趋势厚度恢复剥蚀量的方法。并利用此方法对阿克库勒凸起的志留系和中~上奥陶统被剥蚀的地层进行恢复,其结果对这一地区的构造发展史和油气成藏研究,具有一定的指导意义。     

Linking source and sink: Evaluating the balance between onshore erosion and offshore sediment accumulation since Gondwana break-up, South Africa

The geomorphic origin and evolution of the tectonically unique interior highland of southern Africa, the Kalahari Plateau, and its flanking low-lying coastal planes, remain largely unresolved because of a lack of regional quantitative analyses of its uplift and erosion history. Here we focus on the southern Cape, South Africa and link onshore denudation, based on new apatite fission track thermochronology results, to offshore sediment accumulation, using abundant well data and a seismic reflection profile. We attempt to relate source and sink in order to resolve some first order issues concerning timing of the exhumation and development of the topographic features of southern Africa. The volume of sediment accumulated off South Africa's south coast is calculated using 173 wells and a seismic reflection profile. A total, uncompacted, sediment volume of 268,500 km³ accumulated off South Africa's south coasts since  136 Ma, in the Outeniqua and Southern Outeniqua Basins. Accumulation volumes and rates were highest in the early Cretaceous (48,800 × 10⁴ km³ at  8150 km³/Ma from  136 to 130 Ma, and 57,500 × 10⁴ km³ at 5750 km³/Ma from  130 to 120 Ma) and mid–late Cretaceous (83,700 × 10⁴ km³ at 3200 km³/Ma from  93 to 67 Ma). Volumes and accumulation rates were lowest for the early–mid-Cretaceous (47,400 × 10⁴ km³ at 1750 km³/Ma from  120 to 93 Ma) and the Cenozoic (31,200 × 10⁴ km³ at 450 km³/Ma from  67 to 0 Ma). Although our analysis shows that the accumulated volume of offshore sediments does not match the calculated volume of onshore erosion, as quantified through apatite fission track thermochronology (e.g. Tinker, J.H., de Wit, M.J., Brown, R., 2008. Mesozoic exhumation of the 439 southern Cape, South Africa, quantified using apatite fission track thermochronology. Tectonophysics, doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2007.10.009), the timing of increased sediment accumulation closely matches the timing of increased onshore denudation. This suggests that the greatest volumes of material were transported from source to sink during two distinct Cretaceous episodes, and that the processes driving onshore denudation decreased by an order of magnitude during the Cenozoic.