贵州的多级剥夷面

简要论述剥胰面的基本概念及工作方法。以图切地质地貌剖面为基础，结合区域地质地貌特征，划分了贵州区域性多级剥夷面及地文期。认定贵州新构造运动的主要形式是间歇性持续上升，总体西高东低的地势为历次溯源侵蚀夷平范围渐次缩小而成。     

Water chemistry and its diversity in relation to local factors in the Latnjavagge drainage basin, arctic–oceanic Swedish Lapland

The chemistry of precipitation, snow pack and surface water has been analysed on 205 samples collected during the 2001 field season at 25 selected sites within the Latnjavagge drainage basin in arctic–oceanic northern Swedish Lapland. Additionally, daily discharge and yield of dissolved solids have been calculated for several subcatchments and the entire Latnjavagge catchment during the years 2000, 2001 and 2002. Chemical water analysis included the components Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻ and PO₄³⁻, with SO₄²⁻ and Ca²⁺ being the dominant ones in the surface water. Solute concentrations and chemical denudation were low, but showed significant differences within the basin. In areas of shade, longer snow cover, frozen ground and thin regolith, concentrations over the summer were perceptible but so low that solutes brought into the basin from precipitation could be detected in the surface water. In one locality, it was even found that lake water could reflect snowmelt to such an extent that the solute concentration was less than that of summer precipitation. The highest concentrations were found at a radiation-exposed, W-facing, vegetated, moderately steep slope with relatively thick regolith that was thawed at the time of snowmelt in early June. In such well-drained sites with continuous subsurface water flow, a maximum of contact between water and mineral particles could take place. The concentration values revealed differences in the rate of thawing of frozen ground between shaded areas and/or areas at higher altitude on the one hand and radiation-exposed areas on the other. A comparison with published results from Kärkevagge a few kilometres to the northwest as well as from other periglacial locations indicates that the chemical denudation values from Latnjavagge are more representative of periglacial oceanic environments than the values from the Kärkevagge catchment, which shows especially high chemical denudation rates. The investigation in Latnjavagge stresses the importance of spatial variability within even small catchments of homogeneous lithology as it demonstrates that solute concentrations from different subbasins can differ substantially dependent on exposure to radiation, duration of snow cover and frozen ground conditions, regolith thickness and possibly also to vegetation cover and slope angle as factors steering water turbulence and retention of drainage.     

新疆琼河坝铜金矿化地质特征及成因机理

通过研究琼河坝地区的含矿岩系、铜金矿化、流体包裹体和氢氧同位素，认为２０２铜矿为斑岩型矿床，绿石沟铜矿为夕卡岩型矿床，剥蚀程度是本区铜金找矿的关键。     

内蒙古大青山基底晚中生代以来的差异隆升- 剥蚀过程及其构造意义——来自磷灰石裂变径迹低温热年代学的约束

地形地貌和沉积学研究表明,在内蒙古大青山地区发生过早白垩世晚期、晚白垩世和新生代三期隆升-剥蚀事件,但在大青山北部前寒武纪基底岩石中,磷灰石裂变径迹研究仅识别出晚白垩世早期和中新世以来等两期隆升-剥蚀事件.为了探讨大青山南部晚中生代以来的隆升-剥蚀过程,本文报道了6件古元古代花岗岩样品的AFT结果.这6件样品的最大高差约700 m,AFT年龄介于119±8～79±5 Ma之间,AFT年龄与高程之间无显著关联.平均封闭径迹长度在13.2±2.2～11.8±1.8μm之间,呈单峰负偏斜的分布特征.热史模拟结果显示,晚中生代以来,大青山南部基底岩石的隆升-剥蚀过程中存在3期重要事件:早白垩世晚期(约120～110 Ma)、晚白垩世早期(约100～90 Ma)和新生代以来(约34～15 Ma以来).结合区域构造、沉积和地形地貌资料,并对比南部和北部基底岩石样品的AFT结果,早白垩世晚期(约120～110 Ma)事件时间上与韧性剪切带的隆升-剥蚀过程相当,很可能具有相同的构造成因;晚白垩世早期(约100～90 Ma)事件很可能是阴山-燕山陆内造山带整体隆升-剥蚀的结果;新生代以来(约34～15 Ma以来)的事件很可能反映了南侧山前正断层的活动,且南部基底新生代以来的隆升-剥蚀事件很可能稍早于北部基底,暗示北侧山前正断层启动时间稍晚于南侧山前正断层.通过对比分析北山、北大山、狼山、内蒙古高原中部、燕山及大兴安岭等地的资料,大青山早白垩世晚期快速隆升-剥蚀事件很可能主要与蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合造山后的垮塌有关;晚白垩世早期快速隆升-剥蚀事件很可能受太平洋板块俯冲的影响所致;而新生代以来的快速隆升-剥蚀事件则是印度-欧亚板块碰撞的远程效应.     

Contemporary rates of chemical denudation and atmospheric CO2 sequestration in glacier basins: an Arctic perspective

This paper presents new estimates of solute fluxes from five high Arctic glacier basins in Svalbard. These estimates are combined with data from two other glacier basins to assess the effectiveness of chemical denudation on Svalbard and to estimate rates of temporary (or transient) CO₂ drawdown. We use a solute provenance model to partition solutes into marine, aerosol, atmospheric and crustal components and to estimate their annual fluxes. Crustally derived solute fluxes are equivalent to a mean chemical denudation rate of 350 Σmeq⁺ m⁻² a⁻¹ for Svalbard (range: 160–560 Σmeq⁺ m⁻² a⁻¹), which lies within the global range of 94–4200 Σmeq⁺ m⁻² a⁻¹ for 21 glacier basins in the northern hemisphere, and is close to the continental average of 390 Σmeq⁺ m⁻² a⁻¹. Specific annual discharge is the most significant control upon chemical denudation in the glacierized basins, and basin lithology is an important secondary control, with carbonate‐rich and basaltic lithologies currently showing the greatest chemical denudation rates. Estimates of transient CO₂ drawdown are also directly associated with specific annual discharge and rock type. On Svalbard transient CO₂ drawdown lies in the range 110–3000 kg C km⁻² a⁻¹, whilst the range is 110–13000 kg C km⁻² a⁻¹ for the northern hemisphere glacial data set. Transient CO₂ drawdown is therefore usually low in the Svalbard basins unless carbonate or basalt rocks are abundant. The analysis shows that a large area of uncertainty in the transient CO₂ drawdown estimates exists due to the non‐stoichiometric release of solute during silicate hydrolysis. Silicate hydrolysis is particularly non‐stoichiometric in basins where the extent of glacierization is high, which is most probably an artefact of high flushing rates through ice‐marginal and subglacial environments where K‐feldspars are undergoing mechanical comminution. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

汤原断陷古近系剥蚀量恢复及原型盆地构造格局

汤原断陷构造复杂,后期改造强烈,原型盆地认识不清,导致原始沉积沉降中心不明确,制约了油气勘探的进展。本文从剥蚀量计算入手,分别采用镜质体反射率（R_o）法和地层趋势法,对宝泉岭组、达连河组及新安村组的地层剥蚀量进行计算,结合地震及构造特征,并利用地质建模技术恢复了不同时期的原型盆地形态,通过计算恢复认为：新安村组时期,原始厚度最厚发育在东部边界断裂下降盘,沉积沉降中心被断陷中部低凸起分为南北两个部分,此时期沉积沉降中心位于断陷东部边界断裂中段;达连河组时期,早期的两个沉积沉降中心逐渐合并为一个,断陷西部、南部出现规模较小的沉降带,最厚处依然位于东部断裂带下降盘,而沉积沉降中心迁移至东部边界断裂北段;宝泉岭组时期,早期的两个沉积沉降中心完全合并为一个,断陷西部的沉降带规模扩大,形成一东一西的两个主要沉积沉降中心,沉积沉降中心由一个变为两个。在此基础上,明确了原型盆地格局形态及不同时期沉积沉降中心分布及迁移过程。     

Temporal variation of chemical and mechanical weathering in NE Iceland: Evaluation of a steady-state model of erosion

This study critically assesses the temporal sensitivity of the steady-state model of erosion that has been applied to chemical and mechanical weathering studies of volcanic islands and the continents, using only one sample from each catchment. The model assumes a geochemical mass balance between the initially unweathered rock of a drainage basin and the dissolved and solid loads of the river.Chemical composition of 178 samples of suspended and dissolved inorganic river constituents, collected in 1998–2002, were studied from five basaltic river catchments in NE Iceland. The Hydrological Service in Iceland has monitored the discharge and the total suspended inorganic matter concentration (SIM) of the glacial rivers for ~ four decades, making it possible to compare modelled and measured SIM fluxes.Concentration of SIM and grain size increased with discharge. As proportion of clay size particles in the SIM samples increased, concentrations of insoluble elements increased and of soluble decreased. The highest proportion of altered basaltic glass was in the clay size particles.The concentration ratio of insoluble elements in the SIM was used along with data on chemical composition of unweathered rocks (high-Mg basalts, tholeiites, rhyolites) to calculate the pristine composition of the original catchment rocks. The calculated rhyolite proportions compare nicely with area-weighted average proportions, from geological maps of these catchments.The calculated composition of the unweathered bedrock was used in the steady-state model, together with the chemical composition of the suspended and dissolved constituents of the river. Seasonal changes in dissolved constituent concentrations resulted in too low modelled concentrations of SIM_mod at high discharge (and too high SIM_mod at low discharge). Samples collected at annual average river dissolved load yielded SIM_mod concentrations close to the measured ones. According to the model, the studied rivers had specific mechanical denudation rates of 1.3–3.0 kg/m²/yr whereas the average measured rates were 0.8–3.5 kg/m²/yr which are among the highest on Earth.This study validates the use of a steady-state model of erosion to estimate mechanical weathering rates at the scale of a river catchment when the collected riverine dissolved load represents the average chemical composition over a mean hydrological year.     

Spatio-temporal dynamics of sediment transport in lesser Himalayan catchments,India

Sediment transport from mountainous to lowland areas is considered one of the most important geomorphological processes. In the present study, variations in transported sediment loads and dissolved loads have been studied over 3 years (2008–2011) for two forested catchments located in the Lesser Himalayan region of India. Seasonal and annual suspended sediment flux was strongly influenced by amounts of rainfall and streamflow. On average, 93% of annual load was produced during the monsoon, of which 62–78% occurred in only five peak events. Sediment production by the degraded forest catchment (Bansigad) was 1.9-fold (suspended sediment load) to 5.9-fold (bedload) higher than the densely forested catchment (Arnigad). The dissolved organic matter potentially influences total dissolved solids in the stream. Heavy rainfall triggers both stream discharge and landslides, which lead to higher bedload transport. Total denudation rates for Arnigad and Bansigad were estimated at 0.68 and 1.02 mm?year^?1, respectively.     

珠江口盆地恩平21洼文昌组沉积期原型盆地及其对优质烃源岩的控制

珠江口盆地阳江东凹恩平21洼古近纪文昌组沉积期发育断陷湖盆,由于该区古近纪经历多期岩浆底辟和整体构造抬升,导致原型盆地被强烈改造,使其主要生烃层段文昌组的原型盆地面貌不清,从而给油气勘探和资源潜力评价造成困难.本文遵循改造型盆地的研究思路,将地震解析、声波时差法和趋势厚度法相结合,恢复了文昌组沉积期洼陷的原始面貌,并明...