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高精度对流层天顶湿延迟模型研究

对流层湿延迟是GPS误差源中最难确定的量,鉴于目前的对流层湿延迟模型较少考虑相对湿度随高度变化对湿延迟估计的影响,文章根据对流层湿延迟折射率的变化特征,提出新的分段湿延迟模型TTZWD.通过实验证明TTZWD湿延迟精度较Saastamoinen模型有不同程度的提高,与IGS后处理结果吻合精度好,基本可以达到半波长以内.实验还证明在相对湿度未知的情况下,将相对湿度设置为1,TTZWD模型依然可以使用,与相对湿度已知时的精度相当.     

地基GPS水汽数据在暴雨监测中的应用研究

利用我国武汉IGS跟踪站的观测数据及地面降雨资料对武汉地区的一次短时的强降雨过程进行了监视分析,结果表明：在降雨发生前,大气中的水汽含量会出现持续增加的过程,并且在强降雨发生前2～3h大气水汽含量会急剧上升;当降雨发生后水汽含量逐渐降低,大气水汽含量的增减与降水的发生与停止呈现出一致性。     

GPS/VRS对流层延迟误差内插模型研究

在GPS/VRS高精度定位中,对流层延迟误差是影响定位精度的主要因素之一。由于该误差与各参考站间距离相关,目前主要是通过内插模型消除对流层延迟误差影响,实现用户高精度定位。通过总结近十年来主要的几种内插模型,并结合美国CORS网络的六个参考站的数据进行实验分析,发现内插模型误差和卫星高度角以及用户与参考站高程差是相关的,其中LIM模型和LCM模型能够获得较优的效果,可应用于消除对流层延迟误差。     

I.G.U. Commission on Rural Development,Sub-commission on Rural Development in Highlands and High-Altitude Zones

Theories which explain mental imagery are discussed and are related to cognitive maps. An experiment was conducted to illustrate that people can code information about maps as visual images and use map images for a map-reading task. Subjects were shown maps which were rotated at various angles from north-at-the-top. The time needed to decide if a map was a correct or mirror representation was recorded. The results support the notion that people did this task by forming and rotating map images.     

Adaptive time series compensator for delay compensation of servo‐hydraulic actuator systems for real‐time hybrid simulation

Hydraulic actuators are typically used in a real‐time hybrid simulation to impose displacements to a test structure (also known as the experimental substructure). It is imperative that good actuator control is achieved in the real‐time hybrid simulation to minimize actuator delay that leads to incorrect simulation results. The inherent nonlinearity of an actuator as well as any nonlinear response of the experimental substructure can result in an amplitude‐dependent behavior of the servo‐hydraulic system, making it challenging to accurately control the actuator. To achieve improved control of a servo‐hydraulic system with nonlinearities, an adaptive actuator compensation scheme called the adaptive time series (ATS) compensator is developed. The ATS compensator continuously updates the coefficients of the system transfer function during a real‐time hybrid simulation using online real‐time linear regression analysis. Unlike most existing adaptive methods, the system identification procedure of the ATS compensator does not involve user‐defined adaptive gains. Through the online updating of the coefficients of the system transfer function, the ATS compensator can effectively account for the nonlinearity of the combined system, resulting in improved accuracy in actuator control. A comparison of the performance of the ATS compensator with existing linearized compensation methods shows superior results for the ATS compensator for cases involving actuator motions with predefined actuator displacement histories as well as real‐time hybrid simulations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Concentration versus streamflow trends of major ions and tritium in headwater streams as indicators of changing water stores

Documenting the processes that control the variations in stream geochemistry at different streamflows is important for being able to use chemical tracers to understand catchment functioning. The concentrations of most solutes, including reactive cations (e.g., Na, Ca, K, and Mg) and anions that are primarily derived from precipitation (Cl and Br), in five headwater streams from southeast Australia vary little with streamflow and are close to being chemostatic. By contrast, NO₃ and SO₄ concentrations are higher at high streamflows. There is also a systematic increase of ³H activities from as low as 1.1 to as high as 2.6 TU with increasing streamflow. The changes in geochemistry cannot be explained solely by increased mineral dissolution at high streamflows or enhanced baseflow driven by hydraulic loading. They are best explained by an increased baseflow input augmented by water mobilized from shallower stores as the catchments wet up. The mean transit times of the water sustaining streamflow varies from 35 to 70 years at low streamflows to <7 years at high streamflows. The use of a range of geochemical tracers, including radioactive isotopes, allows the different possible causes of chemostatic behaviour to be assessed and improves our understanding of catchment functioning.     

A new risk assessment method for water quality degradation in harbour domains, using hydrodynamic models

This contribution presents a method for assessing the risk of water degradation in harbour domains. The method describes a normalized Index of Risk, ranging from 0 to 1, which determines the risk of water degradation due to a pollution event. A branch-decision scheme of decision-making theories was implemented in order to obtain this index. This method evaluates the cost of each decision as a function of the vulnerability, proximity and toxicity of the potential contaminant. A novel feature of this method is that the risk is defined by considering the physical behaviour of the harbour (i.e. water circulation patterns). Regions where water residence time is high are considered more vulnerable to pollutant releases. This method could be implemented from an operational perspective, in which case an oceanographic operational system could be used to obtain current forecasts which in turn would be used to forecast risk maps.     

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地壳剪切波分裂研究及地震定位误差对剪切波分裂分析的影响

地壳介质的各向异性主要是由大量充满液体的微裂隙的定向排列引起的, 剪切波穿过这种含有微裂隙的介质时会产生分裂。 剪切波分裂参数与地壳介质的物理性质有关, 与区域应力场有关。 在地壳剪切波分裂研究中, 地震的定位误差对剪切波分裂参数有影响。 本文简单介绍了几种影响定位精度的因素; 并对定位误差特别是深度方向的误差所引起的时间延迟变化进行了讨论, 比较了不同大小的深度误差对归一化后的时间延迟的影响, 定量分析结果显示, 深度定位误差对慢剪切波时间延迟影响很大。 剪切波分裂分析方法有多种, 本文还对不同的剪切波分裂分析方法做了简介。