中国城市投资环境分析

本文运用熵的原理探讨了中国城市投资环境的熵状态特点和熟化类型，并在此基础上提出了完善城市投资环境的若干措施。     

资源,交通,城镇与社会经济建设的空间战略布局：以西北地区为例

本文以西北地区为例，从阐述本地区资源开发、交通运网和城镇体系三者之间的相互作用及其地域布局的变化，提出了西北地区“三角两轴两疆”的社会经济建设的空间战略格局，得出了资源，交通、城镇的相互作用与布局的演变将从根本上决定一个地区的社会经济建设空间格局的结论。     

旅游城市可持续发展评价指标体系

旅游业正在世界范围内蓬勃兴起，但随之而来也引起了旅游城市的一系列问题，如何评价旅游城市的可持续发展就显得很有必要。依据旅游城市可持续发展的特殊性，确定了其指标体系构建的基本原则，应用模糊评价方法计算得到具有代表性的34个评价因子，试着初步构建旅游城市可持续发展指标体系，并对指标体系的层次架构、指标的涵义作了具体说明，也对指标体系评价应用过程作了简要介绍。     

中国地级煤炭城市经济运行机制及路径分析

建立指标评价体系，采用多种定量方法，对中国地级煤炭城市经济运行机制和路径进行了分析比较。研究显示：①资金投入产出转换能力因子、从业人员投入与城市基础设施保障因子和城市职能与城市环境改善因子是地级煤炭城市经济运行的三大宏观机制，且它们的贡献度依次降低，由此得出11项重点控制指标。②地级煤炭城市经济运行总体水平并不太高，且呈现不平衡的发展趋势，其演进有着独特的劣化顺序。     

Measuring whether municipal climate networks make a difference: the case of utility-scale solar PV investment in large global cities

With cities being responsible for up to 70% of energy-related carbon emissions, municipal governments worldwide are becoming increasingly aware of their responsibility to act. Many large cities have committed to mitigation by becoming member of a municipal climate network, such as the C40 or the Compact of Mayors. However, there is no consistent assessment of whether membership of such networks translates into measurable outcomes. To fill this gap, we propose the use of novel outcome variables, combining financial data with geospatial information. As a starting point, this paper compares utility-scale investment in photovoltaics (PV) within the administrative boundaries of large global cities, combining the Bloomberg New Energy Finance database with information from Google Maps. We analyse 512 global cities with a population of above 1 million, and consider the impact of 5 networks and 2 reporting platforms. The results suggest that membership of the C40 network has a positive effect on utility-scale solar PV investment, while no such evidence is found for any of the other networks or reporting platforms under study. Based on our findings, we recommend that municipal climate networks increase their efforts to trigger city regulation that is conducive to solar PV investment. More generally, measuring early indicators, such as low-carbon investment, can help municipal climate networks in their role as ‘commitment brokers’ for climate action on the ever-more important city level.

Key policy insights

• Cities have considerable policy space to foster utility-scale solar PV investment within their administrative boundaries.

• While some large global cities exhibited significant growth in utility-scale solar PV, many others with good solar potential did not have a single project by the end of 2016.

• Outside of China (where city boundaries often include rural areas), Tokyo tops the list with utility-scale solar PV projects by far, followed by San Diego and Rome.

• Membership of the C40 network appears to make a positive difference to PV investment, unlike other networks or reporting platforms.

• Outcome measures like low-carbon investment can be used more generally to assess the climate action performance of cities.

     

Improving the WRF/urban modeling system in China by developing a national urban dataset

Accurate modeling of urban climate is essential to predict potential environmental risks in cities. Urban datasets, such as urban land use and urban canopy parameters (UCPs), are key input data for urban climate models and largely affect their performance. However, access to reliable urban datasets is a challenge, especially in fast urbanizing countries. In this study, we developed a high-resolution national urban dataset in China (NUDC) for the WRF/urban modeling system and evaluated its effect on urban climate modeling. Specifically, an optimization method based on building morphology was proposed to classify urban land use types. The key UCPs, including building height and width, street width, surface imperviousness, and anthropogenic heat flux, were calculated for both single-layer Urban Canopy Model (UCM) and multiple-layer Building Energy Parameterization (BEP). The results show that the derived morphological-based urban land use classification could better reflect the urban characteristics, compared to the socioeconomic-function-based classification. The UCPs varied largely in spatial within and across the cities. The integration of the developed urban land use and UCPs datasets significantly improved the representation of urban canopy characteristics, contributing to a more accurate modeling of near-surface air temperature, humidity, and wind in urban areas. The UCM performed better in the modeling of air temperature and humidity, while the BEP performed better in the modeling of wind speed. The newly developed NUDC can advance the study of urban climate and improve the prediction of potential urban environmental risks in China.     

中国沿边口岸的时空格局及功能模式

沿边口岸是中国对外开放的重要门户,是"一带一路"战略的重要平台;而"一带一路"的实施也必将给沿边口岸带来巨大的发展机遇。中国沿边口岸的发展已引起学术界的重视,但现有研究主要集中在空间分布及发展模式等方面,关于中国沿边口岸体系形成的时空规律及口岸功能的研究还较少。本文通过大量的数据分析,从地理学角度刻画中国沿边口岸发展的时空格局,并基于RCI模型定量分析沿边口岸对沿边地区的带动作用。研究发现,建国后中国沿边口岸发展可以分为平稳对外开放、加速对外开放、全方位对外开放3个阶段;目前,沿边口岸以公路口岸为主,内河口岸、铁路口岸和航空口岸为辅;空间上主要集中分布在中俄、中蒙、中哈和中朝边境。另外,RCI结果显示,中国大部分沿边口岸对城市发展的带动作用不突出,"过货化"现象比较明显。     

The characteristics of oasis urban expansion and drive mechanism analysis: a case study on Ganzhou District in Hexi Corridor, China

Ganzhou District is an oasis city in the Zhangye Municipality of Gansu Province,China.Based on multi-temporal TM and ETM satellite remote sensing data in 1985,1996,2000,and 2012,and by using corrected figures of land use status over the same periods,the spatial area of Ganzhou District since 1985 was extracted with statistical methods,and urban spatial expansion was measured by quantitative research methods.The characteristics of spatial expansion of Ganzhou District were analyzed by urban expansion rate,expansion intensity index,compactness,fractal dimension,and the city center shift method.The results showed that the built-up area of Ganzhou District increased by 3.46 times during 1985–2012.The expansion in 1985–1996 was slow,during 1996–2000 it was rapid,and during 2000–2012 it was at a high speed.This city mainly expanded to the northeast and northwest.Government decision making had a decisive influence on urban expansion.Initially the expansion was uniform,but later the local transportation,economy,resources,population,and national policies factors had an obvious influence on urban expansion.