It starts at home? Climate policies targeting household consumption and behavioral decisions are key to low-carbon futures

Through their consumption behavior, households are responsible for 72% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, they are key actors in reaching the 1.5 °C goal under the Paris Agreement. However, the possible contribution and position of households in climate policies is neither well understood, nor do households receive sufficiently high priority in current climate policy strategies. This paper investigates how behavioral change can achieve a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in European high-income countries. It uses theoretical thinking and some core results from the HOPE research project, which investigated household preferences for reducing emissions in four European cities in France, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The paper makes five major points: First, car and plane mobility, meat and dairy consumption, as well as heating are the most dominant components of household footprints. Second, household living situations (demographics, size of home) greatly influence the household potential to reduce their footprint, even more than country or city location. Third, household decisions can be sequential and temporally dynamic, shifting through different phases such as childhood, adulthood, and illness. Fourth, short term voluntary efforts will not be sufficient by themselves to reach the drastic reductions needed to achieve the 1.5 °C goal; instead, households need a regulatory framework supporting their behavioral changes. Fifth, there is a mismatch between the roles and responsibilities conveyed by current climate policies and household perceptions of responsibility. We then conclude with further recommendations for research and policy.     

It starts at home? Climate policies targeting household consumption and behavioral decisions are key to low-carbon futures

Through their consumption behavior, households are responsible for 72% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, they are key actors in reaching the 1.5 °C goal under the Paris Agreement. However, the possible contribution and position of households in climate policies is neither well understood, nor do households receive sufficiently high priority in current climate policy strategies. This paper investigates how behavioral change can achieve a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in European high-income countries. It uses theoretical thinking and some core results from the HOPE research project, which investigated household preferences for reducing emissions in four European cities in France, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The paper makes five major points: First, car and plane mobility, meat and dairy consumption, as well as heating are the most dominant components of household footprints. Second, household living situations (demographics, size of home) greatly influence the household potential to reduce their footprint, even more than country or city location. Third, household decisions can be sequential and temporally dynamic, shifting through different phases such as childhood, adulthood, and illness. Fourth, short term voluntary efforts will not be sufficient by themselves to reach the drastic reductions needed to achieve the 1.5 °C goal; instead, households need a regulatory framework supporting their behavioral changes. Fifth, there is a mismatch between the roles and responsibilities conveyed by current climate policies and household perceptions of responsibility. We then conclude with further recommendations for research and policy.     

Constraining and enabling factors to using long-term climate information in decision-making

We carry out a structured review of the peer-reviewed literature to assess the factors that constrain and enable the uptake of long-term climate information in a wide range of sectoral investment and planning decisions. Common applications of long-term climate information are shown to relate to urban planning and infrastructure, as well as flood and coastal management. Analysis of the identified literature highlights five categories of constraints: disconnection between users and producers of climate information, limitations of climate information, financial and technical constraints, political economy and institutional constraints and finally psycho-social constraints. Five categories of enablers to the uptake of long-term climate information in decision-making are also identified: collaboration and bridge work, increased accessibility of climate information, improvement in the underlying science, institutional reform and windows of opportunity for building trust.

Policy relevance

Our review suggests that stand-alone interventions aimed at promoting the uptake of climate information into decision-making are unlikely to succeed without genuine and sustained relationships between producers and users. We also highlight that not every decision requires consideration of long-term climate information for successful outcomes to be achieved. This is particularly the case in the context of developing countries, where the immediacy of development challenges means that decision makers often prioritize short-term interventions. Care should therefore be taken to ensure that information is targeted towards investments and planning decisions that are relevant to longer-term timescales.     

模糊聚类分析法在油气评价中的应用

文章介绍了模糊聚类分析在石油勘探决策中的应用,选用了烃源岩9个评价参数,利用模糊聚类方法对烃源岩进行分类评价,并对评价过程进行了详细的论述.通过对评价结果与实际地质情况进行比较,评价结果与实际情况完全符合,证明模糊聚类方法用于油气资源评价是完全可靠的.     

兰州市居民购物行为的决策因素

本文利用兰州市居民购物行为调查问卷,从不同类型商品和不同商业中心出发,分析影响居民购物决策的因素。一方面,通过构建购物信息渠道多样化指数、购物决策因子评价指数分析影响居民选购不同类型商品的因素;另一方面,通过构建商业中心地认知指数、购物因子评价指数,分析了影响居民选择不同购物中心的因素。研究结果显示:①购物信息的获取因商品等级不同而表现出不同的渠道,商品等级越高,购物信息渠道越单一;②影响居民选购不同类型商品的因素不同,各种因子评价指数因商品等级的提高而显示出递增或递减的规律性变化;购买不同类型商品的决策因子各不相同,随着商品等级的提高,商品知名度和质量指数也逐渐升高,而可达性因素逐渐降低,心理因素评价指数也随之提高;③居民对不同商业中心的认知水平不同,影响居民选择不同商业中心的决策因素不同,传统的商业中心由于交通、认知等优势,在兰州市居民购物决策活动占据主体地位。     

灾害管理决策支持系统之发展建置

灾害管理包括减灾、整备、应变及复原四个阶段，灾害管理决策支持系统建置的主要目的，是整合不同领域的研究成果，透过防救灾体系及防救灾信息系统之建立，提供不同阶段灾害管理所需的信息分析及决策支持功能，以期将天然灾害所造成的生命及财产损失降到最低。本文提出灾害管理决策系统的架构规划，针对不同阶段的灾害管理特性及地区防灾工作实际需求，设置许多相关子系统与之配合，部分子系统已逐次完成。本系统目前朝向发展因特网地理信息系统技术，提供多点远程操作与集中管理功能，以达到灾害实时决策支持之目的。然考虑灾害发生时可能发生停电及网络不通的状况，因此，部分系统仍具有单机操作之功能。     

地震应急评估与决策指标体系的构建

地震应急的损失评估与决策工作是地震应急救援的基础,需要在基础数据的支持下,对震害损失和决策目标相关信息进行科学的预估.然而,灾情评估中存在基础数据精度不够高、内容不足、没有一个成体系的、完整的工作标准可遵循等问题.本文从应急决策的需求出发,构建了地震应急评估与决策指标体系,试图利用数据指标化的方法解决上述问题.     

地理信息在政府决策中的应用及其发展趋势

政府决策需要地理信息支持,地理信息能有效辅助政府决策,这种需求和应用的有效契合,促进了地理信息在政府决策的广泛和深入应用.在剖析政府决策应用地理信息现状的基础上,结合政府决策的需求前景和地理信息技术前景,提出地理信息更好服务政府决策的对策与建议.     

It starts at home? Climate policies targeting household consumption and behavioral decisions are key to low-carbon futures

Through their consumption behavior, households are responsible for 72% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, they are key actors in reaching the 1.5 °C goal under the Paris Agreement. However, the possible contribution and position of households in climate policies is neither well understood, nor do households receive sufficiently high priority in current climate policy strategies. This paper investigates how behavioral change can achieve a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in European high-income countries. It uses theoretical thinking and some core results from the HOPE research project, which investigated household preferences for reducing emissions in four European cities in France, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The paper makes five major points: First, car and plane mobility, meat and dairy consumption, as well as heating are the most dominant components of household footprints. Second, household living situations (demographics, size of home) greatly influence the household potential to reduce their footprint, even more than country or city location. Third, household decisions can be sequential and temporally dynamic, shifting through different phases such as childhood, adulthood, and illness. Fourth, short term voluntary efforts will not be sufficient by themselves to reach the drastic reductions needed to achieve the 1.5 °C goal; instead, households need a regulatory framework supporting their behavioral changes. Fifth, there is a mismatch between the roles and responsibilities conveyed by current climate policies and household perceptions of responsibility. We then conclude with further recommendations for research and policy.     

等时线模型支持下的深圳市综合医院空间可达性测度分析

可达性是在空间分布格局、设施约束等综合条件下的空间决策问题,等时线模型为该决策分析可提供方法支持,它是以时间地理为框架,用时间成本来衡量时空可达性的重要模型。面向兴趣点（Point of Interest, POI）可达性分析通常包括2种形式：① 基于“供给”角度从特定POI出发的服务可达分析;② 基于“需求”角度从任意空间位置出发获得最近服务的便利度分析。目前的研究从“供给”角度探求特定POI的服务范围居多,对“需求”角度的等时线分析关注不够。本研究针对这一缺陷,开展面向服务需求的兴趣点可达性等时线分析,考察任意位置达到某类服务设施最近点的时间代价。在几何度量方法上,本研究利用了网络空间Voronoi图模型,与传统欧氏空间Voronoi图相比,本方法顾及了街道网络对空间通达的直接影响。本研究发现了等时线的形态、坡度等特征能够反映POI的疏密分布和道路网的通达性。