Dynamic properties and liquefaction resistance of two soil materials in an earthfill dam—Laboratory test results

Results are presented of laboratory resonant column and cyclic triaxial tests on specimens of two compacted soils (a sandy–silty clay and a sand–gravel mixture), planned to be used in the core and the shells, respectively, of a proposed earthfill dam. The values of low-amplitude shear modulus of the clayey material were found to increase with increasing confining pressure and decreasing water content, with deviations of ±20% from the predictions of the “Hardin equation”. On the other hand, the low-amplitude damping ratio was found to be at least four times higher than the values corresponding to natural undisturbed cohesive soils. The proposed G/G₀−γ_c curve for the compacted cohesive soil was found to be independent of confining pressure and small variations of the water content on either side of the optimum value and showed a remarkable agreement with recently published similar curves for natural cohesive soils. For the case of the sand–gravel mixture, normalized G/G₀–γ_c and D–γ_c curves are proposed, based on recently published results for gravelly soils and the limited data of the present study. The liquefaction resistance of the saturated sand–gravel mixture was found to be strongly dependent on its relative density, especially for high values of cyclic stress ratio. A relative density of at least 55% was found to be necessary to assure safety against earthquake-induced liquefaction of the material. The results presented herein may be used (directly or as guide) in the seismic analysis of (new or existing) earth dams constructed from similar soil materials and in addition they provide insight into the dynamic behavior of compacted soils.     

地电影像技术在水利堤坝隐患探测中的应用

阐述了最新发展起来的物探方法——地电影像技术的原理及其应用在水利堤坝隐患探测中的地质—地球物理基础,并结合实例讨论了该领域的应用前景      

淮河大堤土体工程地质特性及采动裂缝研究

淮河下采煤,使地面大堤土体中出现了许多采动裂缝,普遍认为裂缝的存在对大堤与河下采煤安全构成很大威胁。以土体工程地质特性研究为基础,采用试验和力学分析方法,分析论证了大堤土体采动裂缝的形成条件及其发育深度,得出几点结论:1)目前,淮南淮河大堤在粘土堤土体拉应变超过8～12mm/m、砂土堤超过3～5mm/m时,堤体就会出现裂缝;2)土中裂缝发育深度不会超过与土的力学特性有关的某一极限值。目前淮河大堤粘土堤约为4.0m、砂土堤约为2.0m;3)采取粘土注浆、铺设防渗膜等措施处理后,淮河大堤采动裂缝的存在就不会对河下采煤与大堤安全构成威胁。     

低坝影响下的流场与淤积形态特性试验研究

为研究径流式低坝影响下的水流流动与泥沙淤积特性,开展水槽试验,基于图像测量技术,获取并解析坝附近区域流场信息及典型淤积形态。结果表明：坝前附近流段纵向流速在垂线上出现衰减区,减幅随水流强度增大而减小;坝顶断面纵向和垂向流速沿垂线的分布均呈现显著的分区特性,分区界限几乎不受水流强度的影响;随坝顶水深增加,坝下游漩涡涡心向下游及河底移动,面积和强度皆增大;坝上游淤积形态特性对水流强度的变化非常敏感,在较低强度来流下,呈接近坝体的稳定曲面斜坡,而在高强度来流下,不形成稳定淤积体;坝下游形成动态稳定的淤积斜坡,纵剖表面线呈抛物线规律,随来流强度变异程度小。     

1995年云南孟连西7.3级地震前震序列特征及其与主震的关系

在分析１９９５年云南孟连西７３级地震的前震序列时,发现跟踪最大前震６２级的余震序列中,有一组较大震级的地震呈现出随时间的增长不断线性递增的特点,这种特点在云南其他震例中也曾多次出现过。利用修正的大森公式ｎ（ｔ）＝ｋ／（ｔ＋ｃ）ｐ拟合该序列,在获得的参数重新构造的频度－线性化时间坐标中,这一组地震显示出与海城前震序列随时间变化震级出现非线性增强的共同特征。采用表征物质加速应变而失稳的方程ｄ（∑Ｍ０１／２）／ｄｔ＝ｃ／（ｔｍ－ｔ）ｎ,对孟连西前震序列多方面进行跟踪定量分析,预测主震的发生时间平均比实发时间仅推迟２６ｍｉｎ,震级相差０１７级。     

土石坝坡抗震极限分析上限法

基于极限分析的上限定理,提出一种土石坝极限抗震分析的新方法。该方法假定土体为理想刚塑性材料且满足相关联流动准则,将土石坝坡滑动体划分为若干水平土条,计算各滑动土条的外功率与内能耗散,然后通过能量平衡条件,利用优化算法确定土石坝的极限抗震能力。运用所提方法,对一典型心墙土石坝进行极限抗震能力分析,研究了水平条分数以及抗剪强度参数对极限抗震能力影响。计算结果表明,水平条分数对滑裂面形状影响较大而对大坝极限抗震能力影响较小。当水平条分数增加到一定数目时大坝极限抗震能力最终趋于一个稳定值。同时,堆石料的抗剪强度对大坝极限抗震能力影响较大。通过与传统的极限平衡法对比,验证了所提方法的正确性与可行性。     

高坝工程总溶解气体过饱和与水体含沙量关系

为研究伴随高坝泄水产生的总溶解气体(TDG)过饱和现象与水体中含沙量关系的问题,提出切实可行的减缓TDG过饱和影响的措施,通过实验的方法,对含沙水体中TDG过饱和的生成和释放进行了研究分析。结果表明:同样初始条件下,在含沙水体与清水中的TDG过饱和生成过程中,TDG过饱和度没有明显变化。在TDG释放过程中,含沙水体中TDG释放速率明显快于清水中TDG释放速率,据此提出可通过开启排沙孔等泄洪调度方式使泄流中悬沙含量增加,促使TDG沿程释放加快,降低其对鱼类的影响。     

Parametric study using FEM for the stability of the RCC Tannur dam

Parametric study was carried out in this paper using the Finite Element Method (FEM) to study the effects of variations of the two parameters, i.e., variations in batter slope and foundation properties under static and dynamic loading conditions on the distribution of the peak stresses within the dam and foundation soils. The response spectra for the operating basis earthquake (OBE) and the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) were used in the dynamic analysis. It is shown that the distribution of peak stresses across base of dam and the extent of tensile zone on the foundation soils at the foundation level vary with the variations in the batter slope. Generally, as the batter slope increases the extent of the tensile zone at the foundation level decreases but not necessarily the maximum tensile stresses. However, an optimum batter slope could be achieved based on the results of this parametric study. It should be noted that the greatest tension is developed in the rock adjacent to the toe of the batter. For the foundation mechanical properties, it has been shown that the assessment of accurate soil mechanical properties has a great effect on the computed design stresses from finite element analysis. However, the greatest effect of the foundation properties was on the stresses at the base of dam while it has a negligible effect within the dam body.     

深厚覆盖层300m级超高土质心墙坝应力变形特征

目前我国高土心墙堆石坝的设计思想是在总结小浪底这类筑坝经验的基础上建立的,只有200 m级以下的资料可供参考,为此采用数值分析方法对居于心墙坝世界前列的深厚覆盖层300 m级高土心墙堆石坝进行进一步研究,探讨了心墙堆石坝填筑与蓄水的全过程,并分析了坝体、心墙的应力与变形特征.计算结果表明,300 m级高土质心墙堆石坝变形、应力均在可接受的范围内,理论上是可行的.     

Strategies of Successful Anti-Dam Movements: Evidence from Myanmar and Thailand

Scholars are rarely able to examine anti-dam movements that result in project suspensions or cancellations since these cases are rare empirically. Yet, they are central to understanding how anti-dam movements can succeed. This paper analyzes the movements against Myanmar’s Myitsone Dam and Thailand’s Kaeng Suea Ten Dam. Likely the most successful anti-dam movements in Southeast Asia in recent years, they achieved suspension over 6 and 37 years, respectively. The research is based on 60 semistructured interviews carried out over a period of 8 months. Leveraging thinking from both the constructionist and structural schools within the field of social movement studies, it is found that the framing of the Myitsone Dam as a project threatening the national cultural heritage of Myanmar (in combination with political change in the country in 2010/2011) largely explains the movement’s success. Meanwhile, the set of sophisticated tactics (including inter alia demonstrations, Thai Baan research, 24/7 monitoring of the dam site, and spiritual activities) was decisive for the efficacy of the movement against Thailand’s Kaeng Suea Ten Dam.