Pseudo‐dynamic testing of a concrete gravity dam

Inspired from the simplified single degree of freedom modeling approach used in the preliminary design of concrete gravity dams, a pseudo‐dynamic testing method was devised for the seismic testing of a concrete gravity dam section. The test specimen was a 1/75 scaled section of the 120‐m‐high monolith of the Melen Dam, one of the highest concrete gravity dams to be built in Turkey. The single degree of freedom idealization of the dam section was validated in the first stage of the study using numerical simulations including the dam–reservoir interaction. Afterwards, pseudo‐dynamic testing was conducted on the specimen using three ground motions corresponding to different hazard levels. Lateral displacement and base shear demands were measured. The crack propagation at the base of the dam was monitored with the measurement of the crack widths and the base sliding displacements. After the pseudo‐dynamic loading, a static pushover test was conducted to determine the reserve capacity of the test specimen. Despite major cracking at the base of the monolith, neither significant sliding nor a stability problem that might jeopardize the stability of the dam was observed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

工程测试新技术在堤坝隐患探测中的应用

该文对几项工程测试新技术———瞬变电磁法、瞬态瑞雷面波技术、中间梯渡法、高密度电阻率法探测堤坝中的软弱层、裂缝和洞穴的实际应用效果做了简单介绍;并对“Ｘ－ＳＴＡＲ 全谱扫频式数字剖面仪”探测堤坝根石顶界面的有效性和突破性作了简述。     

梯级水坝胁迫下东江鱼类产卵场现状分析

东江作为珠江流域重要支流之一,是香港地区以及珠江三角洲东部地区重要水源.鱼类不仅是河流生态系统重要组成也是其健康状况的重要指示生物.目前东江已经修建了一系列水坝,基于东江河流生态系统健康维持和管理的需要,有必要了解河流中鱼类产卵场的现状.据此,2010年3-10月对东江古竹江段的鱼苗(卵)进行了连续采集,目前鱼苗种类已鉴定到26种(属),主要优势种类为鰕鯱(63.0%)、赤眼鳟(16.8%)、尼罗罗非鱼(9.7%)、大眼鳜(2.0%)等;调查期间古竹江段鱼苗(卵)径流量初步估算为11.4×108尾(颗),东江鱼类主要繁殖期为4-9月.与东江历史资料及西江江段鱼类繁殖现状相比较,东江鱼类产卵场功能极度退化,不仅鱼类产卵规模已明显下降,并且东江古竹江段鱼苗中洄游性种类缺失;本次调查证明东江龙川江段原有的四大家鱼产卵场已经消失;通过典范对应分析分析表明,东江江段鱼类产卵繁殖对水文生态因子的响应程度较低,说明东江江段水文节律受梯级水坝影响程度大,偏离了鱼类产卵繁殖的生态需求.尼罗罗非鱼在东江古竹江段有暴发性繁殖现象,东江已经面临外来种的严峻威胁,分析认为梯级水坝的修建是导致罗非鱼暴发性增长的主要原因之一.根据目前东江鱼类产卵场现状,建议把鲢、鳙及广东鲂列入增殖放流的品种目录,加强人工增殖放流;从贯通鱼类洄游通道及修复产卵场的需求上考虑,建议在东江各水坝上补建鱼类过鱼通道.     

Formation conditions of landslide dams triggered by incision of mine waste accumulations

The erosion and delivery processes of mine waste accumulations were reproduced through flume tests under 13 different experimental condition sets. Analysis of the flume test results showed that different scale model landslides, induced by the incision of mine waste accumulations, slipped into the channel and caused complete or partial blockages, with 28 complete blockages and 122 partial blockages observed during the flume tests. The failure of these temporary landslide dams amplified the peak discharge significantly, with the amplification more obvious when caused by the failure of a complete blockage compared to a partial blockage under the same experimental conditions. In order to explore the threshold conditions of a complete blockage, a new blockage index(Ibs) was developed to represent the degree of blockage. It was found that the threshold value of the blockage index for a complete blockage was around Ibs=4.0. What's more, there was a significant negative correlation between the blockage index and the amplification coefficient of peak discharge caused by the failure of a landslide dam.These preliminary results are intended to provide a scientific basis for future research on the disaster prevention and mitigation of mine waste debris flows, as the processes and mechanisms underlying the erosion and delivery of mine waste accumulations by upstream flows along a gully have not yet been clearly identified.     

四川会东老虎岩尾矿坝地震反应分析

应用有效应力有限元法研究了老虎岩尾矿坝在不同坝高时的应力水平、变形和孔隙水压力分布,以及遭到Ⅶ度地震作用时的反应.分析结果表明:在当前坝高情况下,无地震作用时尾矿坝处于稳定状态.在受烈度为Ⅶ度的地震作用下,尾矿堆积坝坝外坡和沉积滩面的堆积尾矿砂土在局部已经发生液化破坏;在封库坝高情况下,无地震作用时尾矿坝处于极限状态.在受烈度为Ⅶ度的地震作用下,尾矿坝坝外坡和沉积滩面的堆积尾矿砂土已发生大面积液化破坏.在地震作用下,老虎岩尾矿坝堆积尾矿产生液化破坏的主要原因是堆积坝体内浸润线的埋深较浅.对老虎岩尾矿坝必须加强排渗措施,使坝体内浸润线下移.     

基于随机有限元法的溶蚀坝基系统建坝适应性评价

依托溶蚀地基上建坝的典型工程问题,在研究坝基溶蚀空间展布特征的基础上,建立溶蚀带力学参数随机场模型,采用随机有限元方法研究坝体工作性态的统计特性,评价了溶蚀坝基建坝适应性。采用溶蚀带力学参数随机场模型,等效模拟了空间内溶蚀体的无序分布系统,排除地质统计中线溶蚀率的人为假定,避免了以往确定性分析模型中溶蚀体缺失现象。研究方法和成果亦可以为其他相似复杂地基工程的数值分析提供新的思路和参考。     

混凝土大坝震害评估模型的研究及对黄河上游大坝的分析

利用前人所编的历代（共四代）地震烈度（地震动）区划图,组合叠加后得到一个综合烈度（地震动）。这种叠加是一个集成的专家系统综合认识结果,以此作为坝体可能遭受地震破坏危险的因素。初步研究建立了混凝土大坝震害评估模型,此模型是考虑了坝体的结构类型、建设年代、使用现状、场地条件、抗震设防水平等因素,用逐步线性拟合方法进行回归分析得到的。用此模型对汶川地震破坏的坝体进行了实例分析,分析结果比较符合实际。最后,用这个模型对黄河上游10座重点混凝土大坝做了震害评估分析。     

汶川大地震中土坝破坏程度与坝体几何形状的关系分析

调查、搜集和研究了汶川地震中被评定为高危以上险情的147座小型水库土坝的地震破坏情况,给出了高危以上险情土坝的地震破坏程度划分为中等破坏、严重破坏和极严重破坏三个等级的原则和标准,以及土坝的地震破坏程度与地震烈度、土坝的宽高比、上游坡比、坝高的经验关系表,可发现:土坝的几何形状对其破坏程度起着重要的作用;对于6～8度地震烈度区,土坝的宽高比越小,或上游坡比越小,或坝体越高,则土坝的破坏程度越严重;对于9度以上地震烈度区,土坝通常发生极严重破坏。依据高危以上险情土坝的地震反应分析结果,给出了土坝地震破坏程度与土坝宽高比、坝高、土坝上游坡比及坝顶加速度放大系数、坝体最大动剪应力的经验关系曲线,发现在相同的地震烈度水平下,土坝的宽高比越小,或上游坡比越小,或坝高越大,且坝顶加速度放大系数越大或坝体最大动剪应力越大,则其地震破坏程度越严重;坝体最大动剪应力超过30kPa的土坝,通常发生严重或极严重破坏,坝体最大动剪应力大于100kPa的土坝,通常发生极严重破坏;土坝离发震断层越远,则其坝顶加速度放大系数越大。本文给出的高危以上险情土坝的地震破坏程度与坝体几何形状的经验关系,可为今后土坝抗震设计提供参考依据。     

水库下游水沙变化与河床演变研究综述

水库建设以满足人类日益增长的水资源及其利用的要求仍是当今世界,特别是发展中国家在水利建设中的一项重要任务。建坝改变了上下游水流边界条件,导致水沙输移变化,同时也触发了河床形态发生相应的调整。自从20 世纪30 年代全球大规模修坝后,关于此课题的研究就层出不穷。本文就此研究主题对国内外研究成果进行梳理与总结,简要综述水库下游水流挟沙变异以及河床形态演变的研究历史与现状,旨在对该领域的研究进展进行全面的归纳与总结。     

Practical applications of a nonlinear approach to analysis of earthquake-induced liquefaction and deformation of earth structures

Seismic stability, liquefaction, and deformation of earth structures are critical issues in geotechnical earthquake engineering practice. At present, the equivalent linear approach is considered the ‘state of practice’ in common use. More recently, dynamic analyses incorporating nonlinear, effective-stress-based soil models have been used more frequently in engineering applications. This paper describes a bounding surface hypoplasticity model for sand [Wang ZL. Bounding surface hypoplasticity model for granular soils and its applications. PhD Dissertation for the University of California at Davis, U.M.I. Dissertation Information Service, Order No. 9110679; 1990; Wang ZL, Dafalias YF, Shen CK. Bounding surface hypoplasticity model for sand. ASCE, J Eng Mech 1990;116(5):983–1001; Wang ZL, Makdisi FI. Implementing a bounding surface hypoplasticity model for sand into the FLAC program. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on numerical modeling in geomechanics. Minnesota, USA; 1999. p. 483–90] incorporated into a two-dimensional finite difference analysis program [Itasca Consulting Group, Inc. FLAC (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua), Version 4. Minneapolis, MN; 2000] to perform nonlinear, effective-stress analyses of soil structures. The soil properties needed to support such analyses are generally similar to those currently used for equivalent linear and approximate effective-stress analyses. The advantages of using a nonlinear approach are illustrated by comparison with results from the equivalent linear approach for a rockfill dam. The earthquake performance of a waterfront slope and an earth dam were evaluated to demonstrate the model's ability to simulate pore-pressure generation and liquefaction in cohesionless soils.