Cumulate and Cumulative Granites and Associated Rocks

Abstract. Processes that move crystals relative to melt, that is crystal fractionation, are of major importance in producing variations that are observed within cogenetic suites of granites. In low‐temperature granite suites, crystal fractionation initially involves the progressive separation of crystals residual from partial melting from that partial melt. Once separation of those crystals, or restite, has been completed, further fractionation may occur through the separation of crystals that had precipitated from the melt, the process known as fractional crystallization. High‐temperature granite magmas are largely or completely molten and elements such as Ca, Mg and Fe, and their associated minor elements, are in that case dissolved in the melt. Such magmas, particularly those that are more potassic and hence contain a higher fraction of low temperature melt, may evolve compositionally through fractional crystallization. Cumulate rocks result, comprising a framework of cumulus minerals with interstitial melt. In this process some of the melt is also displaced to form more felsic rocks. Such cumulate rocks may have distinctive chemical compositions, but that is often not the case. Distinctive features include SiC>2 contents near or below 50 % in rocks that are transitional in the field to more felsic granites, very high Cr and Ni, very low K, P, Ba, Rb and Zr, and anomalous abundances of the anorthite components Ca and Al. These rocks may also have positive Eu anomalies. Cumulate rocks do not necessarily have distinctive textures, at least as such features are understood at this time. Fractional crystallization can also involve the movement of precipitated crystals relative to melt. We refer to rocks as cumulative when formed from the fractions in which the abundance of crystals has increased. The production of cumulative granites typically occurs at more felsic melt compositions than is the case for cumulate granites, and this process may have its greatest significance in the fractional crystallization of the felsic haplogranites. Relative to felsic granites of broadly similar compositions lying on a liquid line of descent, cumulative granites contain more Ca, reflecting the addition from elsewhere of plagioclase crystals with solidus compositions. The abundances of Sr and Ba may be high to very high, and sometimes there are positive Eu anomalies. Cumulative I‐type granites may have low abundances of Y and the heavy REE, while the S‐type granites can be very distinctive with anomalously high abundances of Th and the heavy REE resulting from the concentrating of monazite. Generally, but not always, those who propose fractional crystallization as a mechanism for producing compositional variation within a suite of granites do not state whether the rocks in that particular case are thought to lie on a liquid line of descent or are cumulates/cumulative, although it is generally presumed that they were melts. Our experiences in eastern Australia have shown that the mechanism of fractional crystallization was quantitatively not as important during granite evolution as many workers would expect. However, there are some excellent examples of that process, most notably the Boggy Plain Supersuite. Overall in eastern Australia, varying degrees of separation of restite is a much more common mode of crystal fractionation, and that may also be seen to be the case for some other granite provinces if they are examined with that possibility in mind.     

膜孔灌溉点源入渗模型的建立与验证

膜孔灌溉的田面人渗属于充分供水条件下的点源三维人渗问题。根据对点源人渗所做的系统室内试验研究,建立了包含有膜孔直径、土壤质地及土壤初始含水量等多因子的点源人渗模型,经检验模型具有一定的拟合精度,从而为膜孔灌溉理论与灌水技术要素的深入研究奠定了基础。     

累积损伤疲劳断裂——地壳构造变形的一种基本机制

 潮汐应力引起地壳岩石的循环应变、累积疲劳损伤,形成疲劳断裂。本文给出疲劳断裂野外宏观地质特征,并对显微构造、小构造、大陆与大洋区域构造、第四纪软岩层中的疲劳断裂实例进行了分析,指出部分石英变形纹就是疲劳纹,以及环太平洋地震带、海底磁异常条带和潮汐作用、疲劳断裂机制的相关性;给出累积损伤-微体积的玄武岩浆上侵-沿疲劳断裂上涌-海底扩张的模式;推测大陆与海洋地壳的疲劳寿命。     

过去44年乌鲁木齐河源一号冰川物质平衡结果及其过程研究

通过1997—2003年度天山乌鲁木齐河源一号冰川物质平衡的观测结果,分析比较了过去44年间一号冰川物质平衡、累积物质平衡的变化过程,以及反映气候一地形要素和冰川发育条件要素的平衡线高度和冰川积累区比率,认为一号冰川负平衡波动期随时间推移而递增,目前处于其观测历史上物质平衡亏损最为强烈的时期。     

基于累积动应力水平的间歇加载下超孔压预测

设计一系列不同动应力幅值、间歇时长、振动时长的波形,对杭州地铁沿线淤泥质软黏土进行不排水单向循环加载试验,精确观测孔压累积过程。引入累积偏应力水平描述应力状态,分析对比各试验方案下归一化孔压随其变化的发展规律;分析动应力比、间歇时长、振动次数对超孔压累积的影响,发现动应力水平和振次的影响最为关键;从孔压增长机制的角度分析了间歇对于超孔压累积的影响;利用双曲函数拟合关系曲线,建立预测模型;通过分步拟合各振次关系曲线函数,发现振次不同时该模型的常数取值略有不同,分析常数随振动次数变化的规律,提出常数获取方法;最后利用该模型和既有模型预测新试样的超孔压发展,发现该模型表现良好。     

地震作用下水平层状岩质边坡累积损伤与破坏模式研究

研究边坡在反复地震作用下的累积损伤对于库区岩质边坡的长期稳定性分析具有重要意义。结合振动台试验与理论分析方法,对水平层状岩质边坡在反复地震作用下的累积损伤与破坏模式进行了深入研究。结果表明:采用混凝土疲劳裂纹扩展的双K准则可以很好地解释边坡的累积损伤曲线的变化趋势,完整的累积损伤演化曲线表现出初始损伤、细观裂纹扩展、宏观裂缝扩展3个阶段;分别采用三次多项式和幂指数建立了微小地震和强震作用下边坡岩体累积损伤演化模型并取得了良好的拟合效果,微小地震作用下边坡岩体累积损伤曲线表现出初期略微下降、中期线性增长、后期平缓增长的正"S"型的3段式特征,强震作用下边坡岩体累积损伤相比微震作用下有较为快速的增长,且在边坡破坏前增速加快。频发微震作用下,水平层状岩质边坡在坡体上部形成阶梯型破坏面并向坡面出露,在坡体下部形成平直的剪切破坏面,坡体最终的破坏面呈阶梯状。     

1982~1999 年我国东部暖温带植被 生长季节的时空变化

利用1982~1996 年5 个站点的植物群落物候观测数据和物候累积频率拟合法, 划分各站逐年的植被物候季节, 并确定各季节初日对应的当地归一化差值植被指数(NDVI) 阈值。 在此基础上, 通过对物候站各年NDVI 曲线的年型聚类分析和区内所有像元逐年NDVI 曲线的空间聚类分析, 实现植被物候季节的时空外推估计, 从而得到我国暖温带落叶阔叶林地区1982~1999 年植被物候季节初日和生长季节长度的时空格局。结果表明, 多年平均的植被物 候季节初日和生长季节长度呈现出主要随纬度和海拔高度变化的空间格局。在这18 年中, 整 个区域的物候春季初日以提前为主, 且以华北平原提前的趋势最为显著;夏季、秋季和冬季 初日以推迟为主, 也以华北平原推迟的趋势比较显著;因此, 华北平原植被生长季节呈显著 延长的趋势。本文揭示的植被物候季节初日的趋势变化与华北地区各季节气温的趋势变化基本吻合;植被生长季节的趋势变化特征与欧洲单种植物物候生长季节, 以及欧亚大陆和我国温带遥感植被生长季节的趋势变化基本一致, 但植被生长季节初、终日期和长度的趋势值明显大于后者, 表明该地区植物物候对于气候变暖的响应更加敏感。     

长寿沥青路面结构的层厚设计与分析

介绍和讨论了一种用于重交通长寿沥青路面的层厚设计方法。该方法基于限制沥青层底的拉应变和路基顶面的压应变,采用两个准则来校核所设计的沥青层厚度的适宜性：一是控制设计荷载作用下的最大路表弯沉;二是控制相邻两个无结合料处治的集料层的模量比。采用“等效模量”概念来考虑路基、路面材料的模量随季节的变化;在预测疲劳（与荷载相关的裂缝）和路基变形时,采用了“累计损伤”的概念。给出了广东-梧州高速试验路段长寿沥青路面结构组合设计实例,最后对与疲劳裂缝有关的两个关键问题进行了讨论。