一种基于窗口查询的空间选择率估算方法

针对任意空间查询区域提出了一种基于CD直方图选择率的估计方法,确定了影响空间点(x,y)直方图估计值的相关格子,并对其中确定的部分直接引用,对于不确定的部分则充分利用格子提供的信息进行了修正,从而可以较为精确地计算出空间点(x,y)的估计值,为提高查询选择率估计值的准确性奠定了基础。     

AN APPROACH TO THE MEASUREMENT OF THE POTENTIAL STRUCTURAL DAMAGE OF EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTIONS

The quantification and prediction of damage due to different seismic actions to structure types of different strength is an important problem not yet solved in the Earthquake Engineering field. In addition, owing to the fact that macroseismic information cannot be used directly in dynamic calculations, a new problem appears when these are the only kind of data available. Thus, there is a need to estimate a parameter to relate the energy of the ground motion and the damage occurrence, and eventually achieve a better seismic risk assessment. After the study and review of some representative potential damage parameters, attention has been paid to the Arias intensity (unfiltered and filtered in certain frequency ranges) and the Cumulative Absolute velocity (CAV) as the parameters to evaluate the energy of movement, and to relate them with the observed damage. The data used to infer these correlations have been provided by the ENEA-ENEL (Italy). The information consists of strong motion records from the Campano Lucano (1980), Umbria (1984) and Lazio-Abruzzo (1984) earthquakes, and data of damage to buildings in the vicinity of recording instruments (within a maximum radius of 300 m, where the soil conditions remain constant). In this paper, some relations have been obtained to quantify the damage level for different seismic inputs. The results suggest that unfiltered Arias intensity and CAV (for calculation threshold 20 cm/s²) correlate well with the macroseismic information used. Best fits are obtained between the quoted parameters and the observed damage in type A structures. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

金属矿集区地球化学环境累积效应的理论与工作方法

在参阅国内外有关环境累积效应文献的基础上,总结和提出了金属矿集区地球化学环境累积效应的概念、影响因素、类型和工作方法。将矿集区地球化学环境累积效应划分为时间拥挤、空间拥挤等8种类型,识别土壤环境重金属累积效应背景值的方法有对比法和地球化学基线法,累积效应的研究内容包括累积因子、累积速率等8个方面。研究成果对于开展矿山地质化学环境累积效应具有借鉴和指导意义。     

江西武功山热穹隆变质—岩浆作用及演化

武功山热穹隆,以加里东造山期复式花岗岩为中心,南华一寒武系遭受区域变质形成变质矿物分带,环绕岩体分布,中生代以来伸展形成的韧脆性断裂系统构成外环,共同组合形成穹窿状构造。造山早期（463．2±2．3Ma）,初始重熔岩浆与深埋变质围岩交代形成原地型英云闪长质“混染岩浆”,岩浆上升中,硅铝质组分加入使酸度增加,过渡为花岗闪长质岩浆,并产生岩体边缘混合岩。造山晚期（409．4±5．1Ma）演化为正常花岗岩,构成同源岩浆成分演化序列,并伴有明显构造应力变形。中生代伸展一岩浆作用的复合叠加,进一步强化了热穹窿的构造背景,大致在早白垩世末基本定型。     

德江县大元萤石矿床地质特征及控矿因素

德江县大元萤石矿床位于务川汞矿带金鸡岭背斜的南东翼,矿体(脉)赋存于寒武系下统清虚洞组第一段白云质灰岩中,产出层位独特,矿物组合简单,矿石质量尤佳。经初步研究认为,萤石矿床的形成与地下低温热卤水的活动有关,并严格受张性断裂、岩相古地理和地层岩石组合的综合控制,具有明显的层控特征,其成矿时代归属燕山期。     

A framework to assess the cumulative impacts of dams on hydrological regime: A case study of the Yangtze River

Comparisons of flow time series between preimpact and postimpact periods have been widely used to determine hydrological alterations caused by reservoir operation. However, preimpact and postimpact periods might also be characterized by different climatological properties, a problem that has not been well addressed. In this study, we propose a framework to assess the cumulative impact of dams on hydrological regime over time. The impacts of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) on the flow regime of the Yangtze River were investigated using this framework. We reconstructed the unregulated flow series to compare with the regulated flow series during the same period (2010 to 2015). Eco‐surplus and eco‐deficit and the Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) parameters were used to examine hydrological regime change. Among 32 IHA parameters, Wilcoxon signed‐rank test and principal component analysis identified the October median flow, 1‐ and 3‐day maximum flows, 1‐day minimum flow, and rise rate as representative indicators of hydrological alterations. Eco‐surplus and eco‐deficit showed that the reservoir also changed the seasonal regime of the flows by reducing autumn flow and increasing winter flow. Changes in annual extreme flows and October flows lead to negative ecological implications downstream of the TGD. Ecological considerations should be taken into account during operation of the TGD in order to mitigate the negative effects on the fluvial ecosystem in the middle reach of Yangtze River. The framework proposed here could be a robust method to assess the cumulative impacts of reservoir operation over time.     

湘黔下寒武统黑色岩系“多元素富集层”地质特征及成因探讨

笔者在分析前人成果的基础上,通过综合湘西及黔东地区下寒武统黑色岩系底部“多元素富集层”的地质特征,进行了区内沉积成矿带的初步划分,并对“多元素富集层”的成因作初步的探讨。主要取得以下认识：（1）把湘黔下寒武统黑色岩系中的“多元素富集层”广义化,在研究区内划分为钼镍硫化物层和含钒碳质页岩层两种类型;（2）在研究区内多元素富集分带特征具有中部及南部钒富集、北部钼镍富集、东部金银富集和南部重晶石矿富集的明显特征;（3）初步把区内分为钼镍-钒矿成矿带和钒-银-重晶石矿成矿带2个成矿带;（4）其成因与深大断裂及基性超基性岩浆活动关系密切;（5）其海底热水（喷流）沉积成因在不同的区域表现为不同的形式。     

2008年12月2—6日寒潮天气过程分析

利用常规天气观测资料、美国NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°网格点逐6h再分析资料,采用天气学原理和天气动力学诊断分析方法,对2008年12月2-6日寒潮天气过程进行分析和总结.结果表明:此次寒潮天气过程出现在欧洲脊强烈发展并缓慢东移、北半球中高纬环流形势由纬向型向经向型转换过程中.西脊前强偏北风带南移、横槽涡度西部大于东部、横槽前东南方的负变高和横槽后部的暖平流正变高等促使横槽转竖;南掉极涡与转竖低槽合并后,低槽明显向南加深,冷空气势力显著加强并开始向南爆发;自西脊西北部入侵小槽压迫高脊向东南方向移动并逐渐崩溃,脊前偏北气流逆转为西北气流,引导冷空气大举向南爆发,造成了此次寒潮天气过程.强盛的冷平流是造成气温骤降的主要原因.强风的形成除与冷平流侵入有关外,还与高空动量下传的增加密切相关.山东半岛降雨和强降雪的环流成因和物理量特征存在明显差异,降雨为冷暖空气交汇所致;强降雪则是冷平流、海陆分布差异和地形抬升共同影响的结果.T639、ECMWF和日本等3种数值模式均对这次亚欧中高纬大气环流的演变和调整均做出了较准确的预报,尤以ECMWF模式预报性能最好.     

Malleable disc base for direct infiltration measurements using the tension infiltrometry technique

The correct use of the tension disc infiltrometer requires the membrane of the disc base to be completely in contact with the soil surface. To achieve this contact, a thick layer of sand is commonly placed between the soil surface and the disc base. This paper presents an alternative disc (M_DB), which, by incorporating a malleable membrane, allows direct infiltration measurements without using a contact sand layer. Infiltration curves obtained with this new design in a soil under three different tillage management treatments were compared with the corresponding curves obtained with a conventional disc (C_DB) that uses a contact sand layer. The cumulative infiltration curves measured with C_DB were analysed by the differentiated linearization (DL) method, and the corresponding curves obtained with M_DB were analysed using both the DL and the cumulative linearization (CL) models. The values of hydraulic conductivity (K₀) and sorptivity (S₀) estimated with C_DB were also compared with those obtained with M_DB. Finally, the cumulative infiltration curves measured with C_DB and M_DB were compared with the corresponding modelled function for the respective K₀ and S₀ values calculated with the CL and DL models. The results show that, compared with C_DB without a contact sand layer, M_DB allows complete soil surface wetting even when non‐smoothed soil surfaces are used. The C_DB, which yielded average K₀ values 18% lower than those estimated with M_DB, gave the highest values of standard error for the hydraulic parameters calculated. Furthermore, the subjective method employed in the C_DB‐DL technique, which requires the first points of the differential infiltration line corresponding to the sand layer to be manually removed, introduces additional uncertainties in estimating S₀ and K₀. Comparison between the modelled and measured infiltration curves demonstrates that the DL or CL methods applied to M_DB gave excellent estimates of S₀ and K₀. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling the temporal variation in snow-covered area derived from satellite images for simulating/forecasting of snowmelt runoff in Turkey/Modélisation de la variation temporelle de la surface enneigée à partir d'images satellitaires pour la simulation/prévision de l'écoulement de fonte nivale en Turquie

Abstract

Monitoring the change of snow-covered area (SCA) in a basin is vitally important for optimum operation of water resources, where the main contribution comes from snowmelt. A methodology for obtaining the depletion pattern of SCA, which is based on satellite image observations where mean daily air temperature is used, is applied for the 1997 water year and tested for the 1998 water year. The study is performed at the Upper Euphrates River basin in Turkey (10 216 km²). The major melting period in this basin starts in early April. The cumulated mean daily air temperature (CMAT) is correlated to the depletion of snow-covered area with the start of melting. The analysis revealed that SCA values obtained from NOAA-AVHRR satellite images are exponentially correlated to CMAT for the whole basin in a lumped manner, where R ² values of 0.98 and 0.99 were obtained for the water years 1997 and 1998, respectively. The applied methodology enables the interpolation between the SCA observations and extrapolation. Such a procedure reduces the number of satellite images required for analysis and provides solution for the cloud-obscured images. Based on the image availability, the effect of the number of images on the quality of snowmelt runoff simulations is also discussed. In deriving the depletion curve for SCA, if the number of images is reduced, the timing of image analysis within the snowmelt period is found very important. Analysis of the timing of satellite images indicated that images from the early and middle parts of the melt period are more important.