贵州省剑河温泉形成原因浅析

地热资源形成的四个要素为热储层、热储体盖层、热流体通道及地热源,该区的地形地貌、地层结构、地质构造环境对温泉形成了一个补给、迳流、排泄的有利环境条件。     

大方五凤井田6含煤段沉积环境及6中薄煤带成因分析

利用地质报告资料分析了五凤井田6含煤段沉积环境,探讨了首采区内6中煤薄煤带成因,认为6中煤薄煤带是由于砂体的冲刷作用形成的。     

西藏高原闪电特性时空分布特征

利用2009年6月至2011年5月西藏高原闪电监测系统的闪电监测资料,分析了高原闪电分布的时空特征,结果表明:高原的闪电平均强度为61.89 kA,负闪占闪电总数的78.2％,平均强度55.97 kA,正闪占21.8％,平均强度83.14 kA;雨季前的闪电中主要为正闪,正闪占73％;而雨季期间的闪电中,正闪仅占闪电总数的9％;闪电频次的日变化特征呈单峰型分布,主要集中在15:00-21:00这段午后至夜间的时段内,且在17:00达到峰值,与午后至夜间这段时间为强对流发生条件较好的时段相一致,03:00至12:00左右是高原闪电低发时段;闪电的高发地区为那曲地区中东部、昌都地区西部、日喀则地区东部及山南地区,其中负闪有两个强中心,分别位于那曲地区的嘉黎县和山南地区的朗卡子县,而在南部的错那县也为正闪强中心;闪电强度表现为冬季高、夏季低,各月的闪电平均强度均在50 kA以上;拟合出高原地区的总闪、正闪和负闪的雷电流强度累积概率方程,拟合率均达0.99以上.     

煤矿区景观演变的生态累积效应——以山西省潞安矿区为例

基于累积效应原理和景观分析原则,提出了景观生态基准值概念,利用景观类型结构偏离累积度、景观格局干扰累积度和生态敏感性退化累积度构建了煤矿区景观生态累积效应表征模型。以山西潞安矿区为例,将1993年作为采前景观生态基准,在对矿区景观(1993年~2000年~2006年)分析的基础上,对矿区景观演变所造成的生态累积效应进行分析。结果发现,在13年的时间内,景观空间累积负荷呈现明显增强的趋势。2000年之后人类干扰活动的增强,使得阶段2(2000年~2006年)的变化幅度明显高于第1阶段(1993年~2000年)。同时由于不同区域煤炭资源开发等人类活动干扰强度不同,使得不同分区的累积度存在一定的区域差异。     

Cumulative CO2 emissions: shifting international responsibilities for climate debt

In contrast to many discussions based on annual emissions, this article presents calculations and projections of cumulative contributions to the stock of atmospheric CO₂ by the major players, China, Europe, India, Japan and the USA, for the period 1900–2080. Although relative contributions to the climate problem are changing dramatically, notably due to the rapid industrialization of China, long-term responsibilities for enhanced global warming have not been transparently quantified in the literature. The analysis shows that if current trends continue, by the middle of this century China will overtake the USA as the major cumulative contributor to atmospheric concentrations of CO₂. This has enormous implications for the debate on the ethical responsibilities of the major greenhouse gas emitters. Effective climate policy will require both the recognition of shared responsibility and an unprecedented degree of cooperation.     

Variability patterns of the annual frequency and timing of low streamflow days across the United States and their linkage to regional and large‐scale climate

Low‐flow events can cause significant impacts to river ecosystems and water‐use sectors; as such, it is important to understand their variability and drivers. In this study, we characterise the variability and timing of annual total frequency of low‐streamflow days across a range of headwater streams within the continental United States. To quantify this, we use a metric that counts the annual number of low‐flow days below a given threshold, defined as the cumulative dry days occurrence (CDO). First, we identify three large clusters of stream gauge locations using a Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) clustering algorithm. In terms of timing, results reveal that for most clusters, the majority of low‐streamflow days occur from the middle of summer until early fall, although several locations in Central and Western United States also experience low‐flow days in cold seasons. Further, we aim to identify the regional climate and larger scale drivers for these low‐streamflow days. Regionally, we find that precipitation deficits largely associate with low‐streamflow days in the Western United States, whereas within the Central and Eastern U.S. clusters, high temperature indicators are also linked to low‐streamflow days. In terms of larger scale, we examine sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, finding that extreme dry years exhibit a high degree of co‐occurrence with different patterns of warmer SST anomalies across the Pacific and Northern Atlantic Oceans. The linkages identified with regional climate and SSTs offer promise towards regional prediction of changing conditions of low‐streamflow events.     

Differences in soil moisture in two Middle Eastern oak forests: Comparing the effects of trees and soil composition

The incidence of large rain events in Mediterranean ecosystems vary among years. Summer aridity is interpreted as a resetting event, eliminating previous soil‐moisture dynamics. The dynamics of soil moisture and retention are critical to tree survival, particularly in dry regions. This study examines the long‐term soil water content (θ_V) dynamics in two distinct locations within the forest, under the canopy and forest clearing, within two diverse oak forests: subhumid mixed oak forests (MG) and semiarid monospecific oak woodlands (YE). Plots were established at small‐scale catchments and soil water contents were measured during 2010–2013, at three depths in the two different locations. Cumulative rainfall was used as an independent proxy for θ_V analysis. A novel bell‐bilogistic mathematical model of wetting, saturation, and drying arms was developed. We aimed to study the θ_V distribution differences between soil profiles giving the large climatic gradient between the two forested sub basins, the differences in vegetation traits along with soil attributes. We further aimed at determining the role of an individual tree in regulating soil‐moisture dynamics. We hypothesized the occurrence of distinct responses between sites in all soil‐moisture indices with higher θ_V at the wetter site. We tested the hypothesis that seasonal cumulative rainfall dictates the variations in soil‐moisture regimes throughout contiguous years. Annual rainfall was higher than long‐term average throughout the study. Soil profiles under the canopies at both sites were consistently wetter. Infiltration and depletion constants were higher at MG whereas maximum soil moisture was higher at YE. Homogenous recharge patterns were seen at MG although YE evinced more variation. Oaks had no effect on recharge at MG compared with the forest clearing. Soil properties primarily affected the wetting arm whereas vegetation composition regulated the drying arm. Mixed‐stands characterized by ever‐green and deciduous species may maintain favourable soil‐moisture conditions, in comparison with other mixed stand morphologies. The increasing role of slacking forces in infiltration process may alter the interaction between trees and herbaceous vegetation.     

吸力式沉箱底部土体循环特性及其等效循环蠕变模型研究

吸力式沉箱基础作为张力腿平台(TLP)的锚固基础,其底部土体不仅存在轴向卸荷作用,而且还存在循环荷载作用。现有研究很少涉及在卸荷条件下进行的软黏土循环累积变形研究。因此,通过循环三轴试验研究了轴向卸荷条件下软黏土的应变累积变形及应变软化特性。试验结果表明:在低静偏应力以及动偏应力条件下,土体应变累积及软化程度较低;随着动偏应力增加,循环累积变形逐渐变大且前期发展较快后期趋于稳定,同时应变软化程度逐渐增大;土体循环累积变形随动偏应力提高而增大,其循环累积应变曲线呈衰减-稳定的蠕变特性。在试验基础上,提出与静偏应力和动偏应力有关的软化系数公式。构建了考虑软化系数与静偏应力、动偏应力等条件下软黏土等效循环蠕变模型。将该模型推广至三维,并开发了有限元子程序。建立了循环荷载作用下吸力式沉箱基础循环抗拔承载力有限元分析法,将其用于吸力式沉箱基础循环累积变形分析中,并与沉箱模型循环试验结果进行了对比验证。     

土壤重金属累积作用指示因子的筛选方法——灰色关联度分析法与数理统计法

土壤重金属累积作用指示因子的确定,目前常用方法主要是基于背景值。背景值的研究受到长期关注,并在部分地区积累了较丰富的资料,然而也有些区域受人类活动等的影响,其背景值已不易获得,以致于该方法使用受阻,很有必要另寻适宜方法。为此,分别尝试利用灰色关联度分析与描述性数理统计原理筛选指标因子,并以小秦岭金矿区农田土壤为典型案例开展验证性研究。结果表明,所研究的两种方法能为上述两种情况筛选出适宜的指示因子,是土壤重金属累积作用指示因子筛选的适宜方法。     

A Multistep Methodology for Building a Stochastic Model of Gold Grades in the Disseminated and Complex Deposit of Casas Novas in Alentejo,Southern Portugal

This paper proposes a multistep approach for creating a 3D stochastic model of gold grades in a complex disseminated auriferous deposit located in the Alentejo region, southern Portugal. The approach involves the following steps: (i) the creation of a 3D low‐resolution vector object model of two geological domains that better discriminate gold grades; (ii) the definition of three intervals for gold grades (low, intermediate, and high values); (iii) the estimation of the probability of each grid block belonging to each interval constrained by the geological domains; (iv) the calculation of local conditional cumulative distribution functions (CCDFs) of gold grades, for each block, taking into account the geological domains and the borehole data; and finally (v) the simulation of images of gold grades. The results demonstrate the usefulness and accuracy of the proposed procedure, as they are in compliance with the conceptual model, the distribution laws are conditioned by the geological domains, and the transition of grades between domains is continuous.