从遥感考古走向空间考古——文化遗产保护时代的新任务

基于遥感考古发展历程与主要进展分析,提出从遥感考古走向空间考古的认识,构划空间考古内涵、主要研究内容与实验区选择。空间考古既是适应文化遗产保护需求的新任务、新发展与新使命,也是文化、科学与技术融合发展的一支新学科,将促进“一带一路”的建设,并为提升中国参与全球治理软实力贡献力量。     

北京传统村落空间与文化特征及成因分析（英文）

传统村落是北京历史文化名城的重要组成部分,揭示传统村落的空间与文化特征及其成因有助于促进北京历史文化名城的保护利用与传统村落全面振兴。采用ArcGIS空间分析法、文献分析法、田野调查、深入访谈等方法分析北京传统村落空间分布特征、文化特征及其成因。结果表明：（1）北京市传统村落整体呈随机分布;分布格局为“西南多,东南少;东北多,西北少”;多沿地势稍高的山麓平原或山间盆地分布;多靠山临水、沿古道布局。（2）北京市传统村落存在文化共性,形成了传统民居文化、民俗文化、长城守边文化、守陵文化等九种典型的传统村落特色文化。（3）北京市传统村落空间以及文化特征的形成受到地形、气候、河流等自然环境的影响以及皇家生活、都城建设、古代军事防御、交通、商贸等人类活动的影响。本研究可为北京市以及全国的传统村落科学保护和有效利用提供参考依据。     

基于Hofstede数据的国家间文化亲疏程度测度与全球文化圈划分

文化对世界格局的塑造是无形却深远的。当前研究中鲜有基于地理空间视角、应用计量方法探索国家文化差异并刻画全球文化空间格局规律。为此,本研究构建了基于欧氏几何距离的文化亲疏程度测算方法,利用Hofstede国别文化属性数据测度了国家间文化亲疏程度分值;继而以此分值构建网络矩阵,分别应用社区探索算法和基于“子群内外关系”的凝聚子群分析方法识别出各国因文化亲疏差异而结成的若干文化集团,综合2种结果,命名全球文化圈类型并分析其空间格局。结果显示：(1)全球存在盎格鲁-撒克逊文化圈、北欧文化圈、大陆欧洲文化圈、拉丁文化圈、东正教文化圈、西非-加勒比文化圈、伊斯兰教文化圈、泛亚文化圈8个文化圈,其中盎格鲁-撒克逊文化圈、北欧文化圈、大陆欧洲文化圈、拉丁文化圈关联较为紧密,组成泛欧美大文化圈;(2)中国与其他国家文化亲疏度存在一定程度上的由近及远分布特征：周边亚洲国家与中国最为亲密,少数高加索、巴尔干半岛和撒哈拉以南非洲国家也与中国较为亲密;亲疏不明显的国家广泛分布在中间地带,包括西亚、北非、中东欧,以及撒哈拉以南非洲和南美洲少数国家;较为疏远的国家主要分布在北欧、西欧、北美、大洋洲地区,在撒哈拉以南...     

线性文化遗产居民的感知价值与期望价值 ——以滇越铁路为例

通过提取问卷数据,建立数据库,利用描述统计频率、因子分析、数据比较等方法,对滇越铁路沿线碧色寨、芷村、人字桥等6个重要站点的居民进行了文化遗产感知价值与期望价值的调查.结果发现,沿线居民对滇越铁路的地方认同感主要体现在功能转向、价值再现和旅游发展方面,沿线居民的感知价值与期望价值具有同一性,但也存在明显的分异性.滇越铁...     

What happens after climate change adaptation projects end: A community-based approach to ex-post assessment of adaptation projects

Over the last decade, hundreds of climate change adaptation projects have been funded and implemented. Despite the importance of these first-generation adaptation projects for establishing funders and implementors’ “best practices,” very little is known about how early adaptation projects have endured, to what ends, and for whom. In this article, I propose a community-based methodology for ex-post assessment of climate change adaptation projects. This methodology contributes to recognitional justice by asking the individuals and collectives tasked with sustaining adaptation initiatives to define adaptation success and what criteria for success should be assessed. I apply this subjective assessment approach in 10 communities across Ecuador that participated in an internationally funded adaptation project that concluded in 2015. My analysis draws together participatory mapping, walking interviews with local leaders, participant observation, and surveys with former project participants. The results highlight that even adaptation projects that were deemed highly successful at their closure have uncertain futures. I find that the sustainability mechanisms that were envisioned by project implementors have not functioned, and communities are shouldering the burden of reviving failing adaptation interventions. These findings highlight that the current model of episodic funding for climate change adaptation projects and evaluation processes needs to be revisited to acknowledge the long-term challenges faced by communities. This analysis also calls attention to the importance of ex-post assessment for adaptation projects and the potential of subjective assessment approaches for building more ontological and epistemological pluralism in understandings of successful climate change adaptation.     

Thirty years on: Planetary climate planning and the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee

On the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, this principal supra-national institution remains paramount to the project of planetary climate planning and governance. Reflections on this anniversary should serve to recall the contestations through which this foundational institution was formed, and the delegate dynamics that continue to be reproduced in its wake. The contentious debates and political dynamics that afflicted the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee tasked with crafting the Framework Convention on Climate Change, as well as dissension in the periphery, remain as relevant today as they were three decades ago. Reprising these dynamics through detailed historical and archival analysis, this article excavates the negotiations of the 1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change by the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee, which met in 5 sessions during 1991–1992. The aim is to identify key fault-lines and conflicts in the lead-up to the finalization of the 1992 Convention, in order to demonstrate whose epistemic and normative commitments came to be reflected in the final outcome and to show how the legacy of this process endures to date. I seek to render visible actors and proposals peripheralized in the formation of planetary climate governance to extrapolate normative boundaries and proffer heterodox lessons from the margins.     

Fairness critically conditions the carbon budget allocation across countries

Countries’ nationally determined contributions to mitigate global warming translate to claims of country specific shares of the remaining carbon budget. The remaining global budget is limited by the aim of staying well below 2 °C, however. Here we show how fairness concerns quantitatively condition the allocation of this global carbon budget across countries. Minimal fairness requirements include securing basic needs, attributing historical responsibility for past emissions, accounting for benefits from past emissions, and not exceeding countries’ societally feasible emission reduction rate. The argument in favor of taking into account these fairness concerns reflects a critique of both simple equality- and sovereignty-principled reduction approaches, the former modelled here as the equal-per-capita distribution from now on, the latter as prolonging the inequality of the status-quo levels of emissions into the transformation period (considered a form of “grandfathering”). We find the option most in line with fairness concerns to be a four-fold qualified version of the equal-per-capita approach that incorporates a limited form of grandfathering.