The influence of structural organization of epilithic and endolithic lichens on limestone weathering

Hyphal penetration, mineral dissolution and neoformation at the lichen–rock interface have been widely characterized by microscopic and spectroscopic studies, and considered as proxies of lichen deterioration of stone substrates. However, these phenomena have not been clearly related to experimental data on physical properties related to stone durability, and the physical consequences of lichen removal from stone surfaces have also been overlooked. In this study, we combine microscopic and spectroscopic characterization of the structural organization of epi‐ and endolithic lichens (Caloplaca marina (Wedd.) Du Rietz, Caloplaca ochracea (Schaer.) Flagey, Bagliettoa baldensis (A.Massal.) Vězda, Porina linearis (Leight.) Zahlbr., Verrucaria nigrescens Pers.) at the interface with limestones of interest for Cultural Heritage (Portland Limestone, Botticino Limestone), with analysis of rock properties (water absorption, surface hardness) relevant for durability, before and after the removal or scraping of lichen thalli. Observations using reflected‐light and electron microscopy, and Raman analyses, showed lichen–limestone stratified interfaces, differing in the presence/absence and depth of lichen anatomical layers (lithocortex, photobiont layer, pervasive and sparse hyphal penetration component) depending on species and lithology. Specific structural organizations of lichen–rock interface were found to be associated with differential patterns of water absorption increase, evaluated by Karsten tube, in comparison with surfaces with microbial biofilms only, even more pronounced after the removal or scraping of the upper structural layers. Equotip measurements on surfaces bearing intact thalli showed lower hardness in comparison with control surfaces. By contrast, after the removal or scraping procedures, Equotip values were similar to or higher than those of controls, suggesting that the increasing open porosity may be related to a biogenic hardening process. Such counterposed patterns of porosity increase and hardening need to be considered when models relating lichen occurrence on limestones and biogeomorphological surface evolution are proposed, and to evaluate the consequences of lichen removal from stone‐built cultural heritage. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于三维激光扫描技术在崖墓保护中的应用

以满城汉墓中山靖王墓室为例,利用三维激光扫描技术对古代崖墓进行扫描建模研究,获得了墓室真实尺寸的三维彩色模型,研究所制定的流程方案为今后开展类似研究提供了参考依据.     

历史文化名城文化多样性保护的景观生态学视角——以佛山市为例

历史文化名城负载着丰富的文化物种,对名城的保护是城市发展的重要任务,而文化多样性保护是名城保护的基础.以佛山市为例,用景观生态学视角,从文化景观斑块、文化景观廊道和文化景观基质的角度对名城的文化传承、文化物种和文化生态多样性进行研究.并结合城市文化生态系统的动态性,从文化景观的文化适应、文化传承、文化创新等方面探讨了景观规划和管理的方法和景观模式,这有助于拓展历史文化名城保护研究的视野,并通过名城文化多样性保护的景观格局实现,以达到历史文化名城的可持续发展.     

新文化地理学中的非表征与再物质化研究进展

文化地理学以往对表征和话语的过度重视,引起了部分学者对“非表征”和“再物质化”的思考,呼吁关注日常生活中即时的、动态和无法被表征捕捉的实践和情绪,并重视物质实体的展演性、流动性、情绪塑造和符号交换的意义,引发和促进了新文化地理学对于情感、身体、实践、展演和日常生活等议题的关注。论文对“非表征”和“再物质化”的概念和核心理论进行了梳理,并对“身份、认同及空间的构建”“情感与空间氛围”“身体与展演及意义”以及“权力与网络”4个相关议题进行了讨论,以期促进国内文化地理学对感知的、即时的和物质性的空间要素进行关注,并对新文化地理研究方法进行创新。     

9.5–2.3 ka BP燕辽地区考古文化演变及其遗址的时空分布（英文）

With basic information from 8353 archaeological sites, this study describes a holistic spatial-temporal distribution pattern of archaeological sites of the prehistoric culture sequence from 9.5 ka BP (ka BP = thousands of years before 0 BP, where "0 BP" is defined as the year AD 1950) to 2.3 ka BP in the region that extends from the Yanshan Mountains to the Liaohe River Plain(i.e., the Yan-Liao region) in northern China. Based on spatial statistics analysis – including the spatial density of the sites and Geographic Information System nearest-neighbour analysis, combined with a review of environmental and climatic data – this paper analyses cultural evolution, the spatial-temporal features of the archaeological sites and human activities against the backdrop of climatic and environmental changes in this region. The results reveal that prehistoric cultural evolution in the Yan-Liao region is extensively influenced by climatic and environmental changes. The Xinglongwa, Zhaobaogou and Fuhe cultures, which primarily developed during a habitable period from 8.5 ka BP to 6.0 ka BP with strong summer monsoons, have similar maximum density values, spatial patterns and subsistence strategies dominated by hunting-gathering. Significant changes occurred in the Hongshan and Lower Xiajiadian cultures, with a significant increase in numbers and densities of sites and a slump in average nearest-neighbour ratio when the environment began to deteriorate starting in 6.0 ka BP. Additionally, with the onset of a weak summer monsoon and the predominance of primitive agriculture, sites of these two cultures present a different type of concentric circle-shaped pattern in space. As the environment continuously deteriorated with increasing aridity and the spread of steppe, more sites were distributed towards the south, and primitive agriculture was replaced by livestock husbandry in the Upper Xiajiadian culture. The most densely populated areas of the studied cultures are centralized within a limited area. The Laohahe River and Jiaolaihe River basins formed the core area in which most archaeological sites were distributed during the strong summer monsoon period and the first few thousand years of the weak summer monsoon period.     

Naming rights,place branding,and the tumultuous cultural landscapes of neoliberal urbanism

ABSTRACT

In recent decades, urban policymakers have increasingly embraced the selling of naming rights as a means of generating revenue to construct and maintain urban infrastructure. This practice of “toponymic commodification” first emerged with the commercialization of professional sports during the second half of the 20th century and has become an integral part of the policy toolkit of neoliberal urbanism more generally. As a result, the naming of everything from sports arenas to public transit stations has come to be viewed as a sponsorship opportunity, yet such naming rights initiatives have not gone uncontested. This special issue examines the political economy of urban place naming through a series of case studies that consider how the commodification of naming rights is transforming the cultural landscapes of contemporary cities. In this introductory article, we provide an overview of the geographies of toponymic commodification as an emerging research focus within the field of critical urban toponymies and propose several theoretical approaches that can enhance our understanding of the commodification of naming rights as an urban spatial practice. We then discuss the main contributions in this special issue and conclude by exploring potential directions for future research on the geographies of urban toponymic commodification.     

城市绿地空间环境公平研究进展

始于1980年代的环境公平研究近年来重点转向环境资源,尤其是公园绿地在不同族群和不同收入人群中的空间分布。经过对国内外文献的梳理,从绿地空间环境公平研究主题、绿地公平性影响因素及其测度指标和方法进行了系统综述。分析发现：1）国内外关于绿地空间环境公平的研究主要集中在近十年,呈现稳步增长的态势。总体上从环境公平视角来关注城市绿地空间的研究仍不多,案例绝大多数来自发达国家的城市,更多集中在美国;2）研究主题集中在可进入性与环境公平、绿地空间改造与环境绅士化、绿地使用中的文化公平与环境公平问题以及绿地环境公平感知与地方依恋四个方面;3）城市绿地公平性的测度最常用的是可达性、服务面积等绿地供给性指标,近年越来越多研究开始使用绿地供给与使用者需求的综合测度指标。最后,基于中国快速城市化和快速工业化带来日益紧张的土地利用冲突与经济发展压力,再加上中国特殊的人口、环境特征与文化背景,中国城市普遍面临着对绿地空间需求的日益增长,未来应特别重视城市绿地空间的环境公平问题。     

VCS柱状采样及其在中国太湖富营养化评价中的应用

The lake sediments, especially in recent years, genuinely record human being''s activities upon the lake environment. The top 30cm sections are of significance in the process of advanced cultural eutrophication and water quality deterioration. Based on the data of 4 core sam-ples obtained in June 19-22, 1997, with VCS in northern, western and southern Taihu Lake, some preliminary results are reported. Further analyses on the physico-chemical items as well as element content may reveal more information of the accelerating cultural eutrophication.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed: John Bale and Chris Philo Body Cultures: Essays on Sport, Space and Identity by Henning Eichberg. William A.V. Clark The California Cauldron: Immigration and the Fortunes of Local Communities. Tom Daniels When City and Country Collide: Managing Growth in the Metropolitan Fringe. David Delaney Race, Place, and the Law, 1836 – 1948. Allan K. Fitzsimmons Defending Illusions: Federal Protection of Ecosystems. Brian Graham Modern Europe: Place, Culture and Identity. William Least Heat‐Moon River Horse: The Logbook of a Boat Across America. George L. Henderson California and the Fictions of Capital. Martha Honey Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? Peter J. Hugill Global Communications Since 1844: Geopolitics and Technology. Thomas Klak Globalization and Neoliberalism: The Caribbean Context. David Knighton Fluvial Forms and Processes: A New Perspective. Gustavo Leclerc, Raul Villa, and Michael J. Dear Urban Latino Cultures: La Vida Latina en L.A. Daniel Miller, Peter Jackson, Nigel Thrift, Beverly Holbrook, and Michael Rowlands Shopping, Place and Identity. Martin Reuss Designing the Bayous: The Control of Water in the Atchafalaya Basin 1800–1995. Alan R. Townsend Making a Living in Europe: Human Geographies of Economic Change. Jennifer Wolch and Jody Emel Animal Geographies: Place, Politics and Identity in the Nature‐Culture Borderlands.     

粤港澳区域文化综合体形成刍议

区域文化综合体作为文化存在的一种空间形式,由文化景观结构、文化区域结构和文化中心等有机结合而成。本文根据文化梯度概念,运用文化空间演化的原理和方法,在分析粤港澳文化形成的地缘、史缘、族缘关系及其文化作用的基础上,阐述珠江三角洲广府文化核心区、香港区域文化、澳门区域文化形成的历史演变过程及各自特质和风格,通过三地长期文化互动,包括城市建筑、风俗、语言、文学艺术、思想、宗教、价值观念等文化要素不断交流、碰撞和创新,形成以中西文化交融和三地空间有机结合,穗港澳三个文化中心并立为特征的区域文化综合体。