The ?resund Area: Pre- and post-bridge cross-border functional integration: The bi-national regional question

Copenhagen in Denmark and Malmö in Sweden were connected in 2000 by the 18- km fixed Öresund link. This meant that the time distance-barrier was reduced dramatically and that the land-sea bottleneck was eliminated. High-profile pre-bridge expectations of a new regional development regime towards a functionally integrated, bi-national region are assessed in this paper. The paper relates to the continuing discussion on development of border-regions and bi-national cities. Data on cross-Öresund flows of people and vehicles, together with data on migration and commuting, indicates a modest post-bridge shift in the development of functional integration. The Öresund Area development towards a bi-national, integrated, functional urban region is in progress, but the progress is much slower than expected.     

THE MERGER OF THE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SOCIETY AND THE REMOTE SENSING SOCIETY

The attempts by A. S. Macdonald in the late 1980s and by J. A. Allan in the mid-1990s to integrate the UK societies and professional organisations within the spatial science field are described. The Photogrammetric Society, noting a long-term decline in its membership, set up an internal working group in 1997 to consider the future of the Society. A lengthy questionnaire to all individual members produced a 57% response and mandatory support for renewed action on greater inter-society cooperation.
A further effort to produce a wide amalgamation of bodies in the UK spatial science field on the Macdonald/Allan models failed for lack of support nationally. As a smaller step, perhaps to be extended later, a merger with the Remote Sensing Society was eventually agreed. The subsequent lengthy and delicate negotiations necessary to bring about a successful merger between these two mature, independently minded learned societies are described. The two societies were formally merged on 1st April 2001.
The author was a member of both the Photogrammetric and the Remote Sensing Societies and chaired the External Affairs Committee of the Photogrammetric Society preceding the merger.     

地图自动综合概念框架分析与研究

在分析人类的思维方式和特点的基础上，讨论了人在自动综合中的作用和地位，提出地图综合的综合策略的概念框架。     

基于交通网络视角的跨界旅游区合作的微观机制研究——以武陵山区为例

旅游跨界合作扩大了旅游的场和域。武陵山区作为典型的跨界旅游区,其地域交通网络系统日益成为影响当地旅游合作格局的重要因素。在识别跨界旅游合作主体并分析合作模式的基础上,对当地政府、旅游企业、行业组织三大主体进行调研,并运用结构方程模型构建交通网络优化下的旅游合作模型,探讨交通网络对跨界旅游区合作机制的影响因素和路径。研究发现：① 交通网络优化对旅游合作条件、旅游合作意识有显著正向影响,旅游合作条件、旅游合作意识对旅游合作行为有显著正向影响;交通网络优化对旅游合作行为有间接影响作用,且通过旅游合作条件和合作意识两条路径对合作行为产生正向影响。② 基于各主体在旅游合作进程中的地位不同及其关注点各异,跨界旅游合作机制也存在差异性。研究结论对武陵山区开展跨界旅游合作和旅游产业扶贫具有显著的理论价值和实践意义,同时试图为其他跨界旅游区开展纵深协作融合提供有效借鉴与指导,也可为其他区域旅游发展提供借鉴和参考。     

全球海岸带国家蓝碳资源价值与类型研究

海岸带蓝碳生态系统已成为应对气候变化重要的基于自然的解决方案。本研究梳理了全球海岸带蓝碳生态系统的分布、碳封存量和封存价值,并根据经济、科技、蓝碳封存量三个指标对各海岸带国家和地区进行分类。海岸带蓝碳生态系统分布最广的国家是澳大利亚、印度尼西亚、墨西哥和美国,而印度尼西亚、澳大利亚、马来西亚和巴西碳埋藏量最高。全球每年蓝碳埋藏价值在碳交易和碳税价格下分别为3.47×109美元和2.35×109美元。中国拥有丰富的海岸带蓝碳资源,生态系统面积排名第10,年封存量排名第21;然而蓝碳自然资源的赋存禀赋与现有碳价格体系下的价值匹配性较差,基于碳交易价格的中国海岸带蓝碳埋藏价值全球排名第27,基于碳税价格仅排名第39。碳价格低迷将会导致在国际蓝碳交易中处于劣势,中国后续应不断完善碳排放交易市场。中国具有在蓝碳研究以及修复投入与实践方面的优势,以及贝藻养殖、海洋牧场等特色蓝碳资源,可结合不同类型的蓝碳国家经济科技条件与自然条件制定多元合作策略。     

跨界的城市增长--以江阴经济开发区靖江园区为例

近年来,长江三角洲的一些城市出现了资源耗竭或紧缺的问题．由此引发了城市间合作共建工业区和开发区的新现象。因为在此类工业园区中也往往伴随着行政管理权力在合作城市之间的转移．所以这种城市合作的创新可以被视作跨界的城市增长。本研究在增长联盟的理论视角下对江阴经济开发区靖江园区的跨界城市增长进行了研究．深入探讨了各级地方政府、企业、地方媒体和农民四种参与者在联盟形成中的作用和互动。研究在理论上证实了城市尺度以上增长联盟的存在．丰富了增长联盟理论、在对中国城市政治的研究上．研究发现地方政府和企业结成的增长联盟已经在中国城市中出现。同时．农民结成的反增长联盟也在不断壮大,这主要是由于土地征用、缺乏就业机会和不合理的拆迁安置造成的。江阴-靖江的经验与问题也将为其他城市的跨界发展提供借鉴。     

世界能源贸易网络的演化特征与能源竞合关系

详尽地探讨全球能源贸易网络的演化特征及国际贸易的竞合关系,可为中国能源贸易政策的制定提供科学支撑。论文运用复杂网络方法,从整体格局出发研究了世界能源贸易网络的演化特征,并重点从供给与需求两方面分析了贸易集团演化与供需大国的能源竞合关系。研究结果表明：20世纪90年代以来,世界能源贸易关系不断趋于复杂化。近年来,能源贸易主体数量基本保持稳定,当前占世界总数近80%的国家/地区均参与能源贸易;世界能源贸易网络同时具有小世界特性与无标度特性;世界能源的进出口格局已发生重塑,能源的出口重心逐渐由东亚、中东、澳洲和欧洲转向了东欧、中东、北美、澳洲和西非等地区,进口重心由东亚、西欧和澳洲向北美、东亚和西欧转移;世界能源贸易网络存在四大集团,分别是以美国为首的贸易集团、欧洲-俄罗斯等国家贸易集团、东亚-东南亚贸易集团和澳大利亚-印度-非洲贸易集团等。地理距离、制度差异、历史文化及政治关系等是贸易集团演化的重要原因;贸易集团内,核心国家间的贸易依赖存在着非对称性,能源需求国进口来源的多元化现象更为突出,东亚、东南亚市场是供给国共同争夺的对象。     

Estimation of Travel Climate Comfort Degree in the Cross-border Region between China and Russia based on GIS

The duration of travel climate comfort degree is an important factor that influences the length of the tourism season and the development of a tourism destination. In this study, we used the monthly average meteorological data for the last 10 years from 46 weather stations in Heilongjiang Province (China) and Primorsky Krai (Russia) to calculate the temperature-humidity index (THI) and wind chill index (WCI) based on ArcGIS software interpolation technology. We obtained the climate comfort charts of the study area with a grid size a 1 km ² grid size, and analyzed the spatial distribution of comfort for each month. The results show the following: 1) The THI and WCI of the cross-border region gradually decrease from south to north and from low altitude to high altitude. The annual comfortable climate period is longer when analyzed in terms of the WCI rather \than the THI. 2) The travel climate comfortable period of the study area shows significant regional difference and the length of the comfortable period in Heilongjiang Province is 4 to 5 months. Meanwhile, the period in Primorsky Krai decreases from south to north and the length of the comfortable period length in its southern region can reach 7 months. 3) The predominant length of the climate comfortable period in the cross-border area is 5 months per year, and it covers 46.6% of the total area, while areas that have a climate comfortable period of 2 months are the most limited, covering less than 0.3% of the area. The results provide a scientific basis for the utilization and development of a meteorological tourism resources and touring arrangements for tourists in the cross-border region between China and Russia.