Estimation of damage to agriculture biomass due to Hudhud cyclone and carbon stock assessment in cyclone affected areas using Landsat-8

Developing countries are vulnerable to tropical cyclones due to climatic variability and the frequency and magnitude of some extreme weather and disaster events is likely to increase. Cities and towns situated along the coastal belt of Visakhapatnam district experienced severe damage because of Hudhub cyclone (12 October 2014). The main objective of this research was to identify and quantify the damage to agriculture and vegetation caused by Hudhud cyclone. In this study, landsat-8 satellite data-sets acquired before and after the cyclone have been used; image processing techniques have been carried out to assess the changes of pre- and post-cyclone condition. Economic loss of agriculture crops has been assessed using crop production loss per hectare and total economic loss for agriculture crops in the study area was calculated. Classification results and land use land cover change analysis show that 13.25% of agriculture-Kharif and 31.1% of vegetation was damaged. Crop Biomass was estimated with aid of crop conversion factor for pre- and post-cyclone conditions. Total ‘Above ground biomass’ of the agriculture crop area was estimated at 31.57 t/ha and total loss of biomass was assessed to be 4.2 t/ha. Carbon stock was found to be varying from 0.3 to 8.3 t.C/ha in specific agriculture crops. From the results, it was concluded that Hudhud has done significant damage to the rural and urban areas of Visakhapatnam. The outcome of this study can be used by decision-makers for the release of post disaster relief fund to affected areas.     

'Science', representation and resistance: the Bt cotton debate in Andhra Pradesh, India

Transgenic cotton is promoted in India on the basis that it will improve rural livelihoods, but such claims are contested on the basis that they are 'unscientific'. In this study, discourse analysis is utilized to deconstruct the environmental and scientific narratives employed by two key actors (Monsanto-Mahyco and the Deccan Development Society) in the debate in India. Whilst strong differences in the ideology of the two actors are found to account for their approaches to managing the environment, significant similarities in their approach to science and their recourse to Foucauldian governmentality are also evident. The conclusion considers how the use of discourse analysis could empower the rural poor to take part in the debate in India.     

河南洛阳市土壤和农作物中硒分布及富集特征

研究分析某一地区种植的各种农作物中的硒富集特征,同时对施硒肥农作物硒含量进行调查评价,可以为富硒特色农业开发提供依据。查明不同农作物中硒含量影响因素,对于开发富硒农产品具有重要的意义。本文以河南省洛阳市硒资源详查项目区及其他农业种植区为研究对象,通过采集区内22种大田种植的农作物及其根系土,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定土壤和农作物硒含量,研究了不同农作物中硒富集特征。结果表明：研究区土壤硒平均值均接近河南省富硒土壤标准,在酸性土壤中富硒点位占比28.61%,中性土壤中富硒点位占比43.72%,碱性土壤中富硒点位占比41.99%,总体土壤富硒点位占比40.56%。根据各类作物的硒富集系数评价,研究区适合开发富硒豆类、油料类、小麦、谷子、红薯等特色农作物和富硒中药材银条,不适宜开发富硒玉米。不同农作物中硒含量与土壤硒含量和酸碱度(pH)的相关性研究表明,土壤硒含量是农作物中硒含量的决定因素,其次是土壤酸碱度。为促进研究区开发富硒农产品,可以通过施硒肥改善农作物硒含量水平,低硒背景土壤种植的农作物特别是水果适合施加硒肥,高硒背景土壤种植的谷子不适合施加硒肥。     

地下水临界深度及其测定方法讨论

本文讨论了地下水临界深度的概念,指出了它与地下水极限蒸发深度、地下水适宜于农作物生长的埋藏深度等概念间的区别,明确了作为土壤改良学中排水深度和人工回灌地下水埋深上限指标使用的,应是临界深度。文章结合实例,介绍了四种测定临界深度值的方法。     

面向对象的特色农作物种植遥感调查方法研究

宁夏自治区具有土地、光能、引黄灌溉等优势,为宁夏特色农作物（硒砂瓜、枸杞、大枣）的生长提供了先天条件。快速准确地获取特色农作物的种植信息不仅是宁夏特色农作物监测、估产和灾害评估的重要依据,同时也是分析特色农作物结构分布变化和评价区域特色农业生产影响的重要凭证。近年来,随着航天技术和卫星传感器的不断发展,越来越多的学者将遥感技术运用到农作物种植信息的提取研究中。但是传统的遥感调查模型都是基于中低分辨遥感数据建立的,对于新的高分数据没有完备的信息提取模型。此外,基于GF-1遥感影像对类似宁夏特色农作物（硒砂瓜、枸杞、大枣）的信息提取研究相对较少,决策条件和分类模型的选择也难以满足高分农业的需求。基于此,本文利用国产GF-1 PMS遥感影像,在分析3类特色农作物光谱特征和纹理特征的基础上,建立了面向对象的支持向量机（SVM）分类模型,总体分类精度达到94.94%,Kappa系数为0.9174。同时将分类结果与传统的SVM分类结果相比较,研究发现面向对象的SVM模型的精度更高,效果最好,纹理信息的引入使光谱特征差异较小的枸杞和大枣更容易区分,有效降低了模型错分和漏分误差,改善了模型分类结果。研究结果为实现宁夏特色农作物的快速自动化提取提供了有效途径,也为开展农作物承保和受灾定损评估体系建设提供技术支撑。     

黑龙江双阳河流域土壤-作物-人体系统中硒元素及生态环境与人体健康评价

【研究目的】典型黑土地分布区土壤硒自然禀赋、成因来源、生态环境效应及人体健康评价为健康地质研究焦点，开展双阳河流域土壤-作物-人体系统中硒迁移与累积的定量研究，对黑土地富硒农产品开发和地方病防治具有重要意义。【研究方法】测定成土母质、土壤、大气降尘、灌溉水、作物籽实和人发等多介质硒含量，运用GIS、SPSS软件对测试结果统计分析及评价。【研究结果】划定富硒土地46.4 km²，主要沿双阳河及其支流分布；硒以人为成因为主，主要来源于大气降尘补充，输入通量为0.21~1.47 kg/km² · a。土壤、大豆、水稻、玉米和人发硒含量均值为0.305 mg/kg、0.0352 mg/kg、0.0287 mg/kg、0.0198 mg/kg和0.145 mg/kg；作物对土壤硒的富集系数（0.120）远小于1，人发对作物硒的富集系数（4.834）大于1，揭示人发对硒具有较强的浓缩和放大作用，硒在土壤-作物-人体系统中的迁移与积累呈“V”字型模式。【结论】土壤硒含量整体为足硒或富硒，无硒潜在环境风险。大豆、水稻富硒占比为28.4%、9.4%，未发现硒超标情况，无生物硒中毒风险。人发硒含量明显低于参考值0.20~0.60 mg/kg，人体处于缺硒状态，随年龄增长呈递减趋势，可能存在一定的健康风险，应引起地方相关部门关注。创新点：基于系统的生态地球化学数据，运用统计分析学原理，开展典型黑土区土壤-作物-人体系统中硒迁移与积累研究，为富硒农产品开发和地方病防治提供科学依据。