不同石漠化程度岩溶峰丛洼地系统景观格局的比较

利用花江岩溶峡谷区南坡不同石漠化程度的5个独立的岩溶峰丛洼地系统景观要素的实测数据,分析了多样性、优势度、破碎度、分离度等景观格局指标的变化规律及其所指示的生态学意义。结果表明,这些指标在不同峰丛洼地系统都能较好地评价石漠化过程中景观格局的动态变化规律,对分析石漠化土地的发展趋势具有较好的指示意义。但多样性指数、优势度指数、均匀度指数也与各峰丛洼地系统的景观基质有关,在不同石漠化程度的峰丛洼地系统中,反映的景观生态意义是不一样的。景观格局分析不仅强调面积,而且还考虑所研究石漠化土地的空间分布特征(格局)、景观组成特点与石漠化过程的关系和对石漠化的影响,在石漠化程度判定和石漠化指标的研究中景观格局是一个不可忽视的问题。     

智能卡和出租车轨迹数据中蕴含城市人群活动模式的差异性分析

当前采用交通流数据量化城市人群活动模式研究已经取得了丰硕的研究成果,但是对于同一区域、同一时段不同类型交通流数据反映城市人群活动模式的共性与差异性仍然知之甚少,直接影响了城市人群活动模式挖掘结果的可解释性与实际应用效果。为此,本文旨在对目前广泛采用的智能卡数据（公交和地铁刷卡）和出租车轨迹数据2种重要的交通流数据,从时空分布模式的差异性、行程距离及距离衰减效应的差异性、空间社团结构的差异性3个方面,探索二者反映城市人群活动模式的差异性：① 采用北京市六环以内区域2016年5月9日至15日的智能卡和出租车轨迹数据进行实验分析,研究发现：① 2种交通流反映出行需求的空间分布呈现出高度相关性,但是在同一空间单元上,2种交通流反映出行需求的时间相关性较低;② 2种交通流的使用率在不同空间位置存在明显差异,仅在城市中心区域使用率较为均衡;③ 2种交通流反映人群行程距离的空间分布、距离衰减效应存在明显差异,公共交通对于促进长距离出行更为重要;④ 从2种交通流发现的空间社团结构都显示了城市的多中心结构特征,但是二者发现社团结构存在的差异性表明两种交通方式对城市空间交互起着不同的作用。本研究有助于深入理解多源交通流反映城市人群活动的内在机理,提升城市人群活动模式在城市规划、交通管理等领域的应用效果。     

Varying water utilization of Haloxylon ammodendron plantations in a desert‐oasis ecotone

Haloxylon ammodendron is a desert shrub used extensively in China for restoring degraded dry lands. An understanding of the water source used by H. ammodendron plantations is critical achieving sustainable vegetation restoration. We measured mortality, shoot size, and rooting depth in 5‐, 10‐, 20‐, and 40‐year‐old H. ammodendron plantations. We examined stable isotopic ratios of oxygen (δ¹⁸O) in precipitation, groundwater, and soil water in different soil layers and seasons, and in plant stem water to determine water sources at different shrub ages. We found that water acquisition patterns in H. ammodendron plantations differed with plantation age and season. Thus, the main water source for 5‐year‐old shrubs was shallow soil water. Water sources of 10‐year‐old shrubs shifted depending on the soil water conditions during the season. Although their tap roots could absorb deep soil water, the plantation main water sources were from soil water, and about 50% of water originated from shallow and mid soil. This pattern might occur because main water sources in these plantations were changeable over time. The 20‐ and 40‐year‐old shrubs acquired water mainly from permanent groundwater. We conclude that the main water source of a young H. ammodendron plantation was soil water recharged by precipitation. However, when roots reached sufficient depth, water originated mainly from the deep soil water, especially in the dry season. The deeply rooted 20‐ and 40‐year‐old shrubs have the ability to exploit a deep and reliable water source. To achieve sustainability in these plantations, we recommend a reduction in the initial density of H. ammodendron in the desert‐oasis ecotone to decelerate the consumption of shallow soil water during plantation establishment.     

Temporal stability of soil moisture in an oasis of northwestern China

Temporal stability of soil moisture has been widely used in hydrological monitoring since it emerged. However, the spatial analysis of temporal stability at the landscape scale is often limited because of insufficient sampling numbers. This work made an effort to investigate the spatial variations of temporal stability of soil moisture in an oasis landscape. The specific objectives of the study were to explore the spatial patterns of temporal stability and to determine the controlling factors of temporal stability in the desert oasis. A time series of soil moisture measurements were gathered on 23 occasions at 118 locations over 3 years in a rectangular transect of approximately 100 km². The nonparametric Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, standard deviation of relative difference (SDRD), and mean absolute bias error (MABE) were used to quantify the temporal stability of soil moisture. Results showed that the temporal stability of soil moisture was depth dependent and season dependent. The spatial pattern of soil moisture in a deep soil layer and between two same seasons generally had a high temporal stability. SDRD and MABE were spatially autocorrelated and exhibited strong spatial structures in the geographic space. The concept of temporal stability can be extended to describe the time‐stable areas of soil moisture with geostatistics. There were great differences between SDRD and MABE in describing the temporal stability of soil moisture and in identifying the controlling factors of temporal stability. In this case, MABE was a better alternative to estimate the areal mean soil moisture using representative locations than SDRD. Land use type, soil moisture condition, and soil particle composition were the dominant controls of temporal stability in the oasis. These insights could help to better understand the essence of temporal stability of soil moisture in arid regions.     

Reevaluating suitability estimates based on dynamics of cropland expansion in the Brazilian Amazon

Agricultural suitability maps are a key input for land use zoning and projections of cropland expansion. Suitability assessments typically consider edaphic conditions, climate, crop characteristics, and sometimes incorporate accessibility to transportation and market infrastructure. However, correct weighting among these disparate factors is challenging, given rapid development of new crop varieties, irrigation, and road networks, as well as changing global demand for agricultural commodities. Here, we compared three independent assessments of cropland suitability to spatial and temporal dynamics of agricultural expansion in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso during 2001–2012. We found that areas of recent cropland expansion identified using satellite data were generally designated as low to moderate suitability for rainfed crop production. Our analysis highlighted the abrupt nature of suitability boundaries, rather than smooth gradients of agricultural potential, with little additional cropland expansion beyond the extent of the flattest areas (0–2% slope). Satellite-based estimates of the interannual variability in the use of existing crop areas also provided an alternate means to assess suitability. On average, cropland areas in the Cerrado biome had higher utilization (84%) than croplands in the Amazon region of northern Mato Grosso (74%). Areas of more recent expansion had lower utilization than croplands established before 2002, providing empirical evidence for lower suitability or alternative management strategies (e.g., pasture–soya rotations) for lands undergoing more recent land use transitions. This unplanted reserve constitutes a large area of potentially available cropland (PAC) without further expansion, within the management limits imposed for pest management and fallow cycles. Using two key constraints on future cropland expansion, slope and restrictions on further deforestation of Amazon or Cerrado vegetation, we found little available flat land for further legal expansion of crop production in Mato Grosso. Dynamics of cropland expansion from more than a decade of satellite observations indicated narrow ranges of suitability criteria, restricting PAC under current policy conditions, and emphasizing the advantages of field-scale information to assess suitability and utilization.     

基于网络分析法的武汉市景观生态网络格局特征分析

从网络分析法的角度对武汉市水系网络、道路网络、绿地网络及其复合网络构成的景观生态网络格局进行分析。根据总体景观生态网络格局特征、分区统计景观生态网络格局特征、分等级统计景观生态网络格局特征分析结果显示,道路网络和绿地网络的α指数、β指数、γ指数都明显好于水系网络,相比较而言,三网复合网络都有比独立网络更好的连接度,分区统计结果显示,主城区复合网络的三项指标均处于最高,网络连通度最好,分等级统计结果显示,等级道路网络的α指数、β指数、γ指数均高于全部道路网络,等级水系和等级绿地网络的α指数、β指数、γ指数均低于全部水系和全部绿地网络。     

广东省土地登记信息交换系统的设计与实现

广东省各级土地登记部门经过多年的信息化建设,已经建成了一批土地登记信息管理系统,为业务的开展提供了有效的支撑,但由于缺乏统一的建设标准,这些系统之间无法进行信息共享。广东省通过建设土地登记信息交换系统,在省、市、县三级节点构建起了一套土地登记信息动态汇交体系,打破了信息孤岛,为全省土地登记信息监管系统的构建和运行提供了重要保障。本文重点介绍了该系统的需求分析、系统设计,以及在实现过程中采用的关键技术等。     

兰州市城市治安时空特征分析

治安问题防治是保障城市社会安全与稳定的重要环节。本文以兰州市主城区2014年警情数据为数据来源,选择发案率高且具有代表性的盗窃、两抢(抢劫类和抢夺类)、扒窃及诈骗4类案件为研究对象,运用空间面模式和空间点模式的GIS分析方法,分析了兰州市公共安全空间结构。结果表明:1)研究时段内,案发率呈季节性变化,夏秋季节案发率比较稳定,而冬春季节案发率变化幅度较大。2)4类案件总体在街道上表现为空间聚集分布。从区际尺度来看,城关区治安形势最为严峻;从街道尺度来看,张掖路、火车站等是案发"热点"区域;从案发点分布来看,西关十字、火车站等地属于犯罪"热点"。针对上述情况,宜加强热点附近的警力部署,加大巡逻力度,保障城市公共安全。     

Assessing quality of volunteer crowdsourcing contributions: lessons from the Cropland Capture game

Volunteered geographic information (VGI) is the assembly of spatial information based on public input. While VGI has proliferated in recent years, assessing the quality of volunteer-contributed data has proven challenging, leading some to question the efficiency of such programs. In this paper, we compare several quality metrics for individual volunteers’ contributions. The data were the product of the ‘Cropland Capture’ game, in which several thousand volunteers assessed 165,000 images for the presence of cropland over the course of 6 months. We compared agreement between volunteer ratings and an image's majority classification with volunteer self-agreement on repeated images and expert evaluations. We also examined the impact of experience and learning on performance. Volunteer self-agreement was nearly always higher than agreement with majority classifications, and much greater than agreement with expert validations although these metrics were all positively correlated. Volunteer quality showed a broad trend toward improvement with experience, but the highest accuracies were achieved by a handful of moderately active contributors, not the most active volunteers. Our results emphasize the importance of a universal set of expert-validated tasks as a gold standard for evaluating VGI quality.