边坡最危险滑动面全局搜索的模拟退火算法及改进

最危险滑动面的确定是边坡稳定性分析中一个至关重要的问题。利用模拟退火算法,结合简化Bishop法,进行边坡最危险滑动面的搜索。在分析模拟退火法中存在的不足及其根由的基础上,对算法进行了改进。通过计算机编程技术实现了改进的模拟退火算法。计算结果与典型算例对比证明：改进后的模拟退火算法能够有效避免局部最优解,方法具有实用性。     

广州金沙洲岩溶地面塌陷灾害预警预报研究

受武广客运专线金沙洲隧道施工抽排大量地下水的影响, 2007—2012年广州金沙洲发生了大规模岩溶地面塌陷、地面沉降地质灾害,造成了重大经济损失。为防治地质灾害,采用综合地质调查、地下水位监测、地面沉降监测、物探、钻探和试验等手段勘查和研究,建立了完善的地下水位和地面沉降监测网络。在此基础上,根据地质环境条件、岩溶发育程度和地质灾害分布特征进行岩溶塌陷易发性分区,选择地下水位变化量和地面沉降量这两个与岩溶塌陷最直接、最敏感和最重要的参数,从预警预报参数选择、时间尺度选取、判据分析计算、预警预报方法、模型系统的建立等方面进行研究,选取临界日综合地下水位变化量和临界日综合地面沉降量作为预警预报判据,结合三维地质结构模型建立岩溶塌陷预警预报模型系统。成功地预警预报了两起岩溶地面塌陷,取得较好的预报效果,说明该岩溶地面塌陷预警预报模型系统实用、有效,为金沙洲防灾减灾提供地质科学依据,为当地的社会稳定和经济可持续发展提供技术支撑。     

砂砾土渗流侵蚀中细粒迁移-沉积-滤通的物理水力临界条件

细粒迁移机制是理解砂砾土渗流侵蚀过程的基础与关键,对研究砂砾土斜坡雨水侵蚀过程的细观致灾机制具有重要意义。目前其运移模式及运移状态发生转变的临界条件并不清晰,不同物理水力条件下的细粒运动类型有所不同。为掌握砂砾土侵蚀过程中细粒的整体运动类型及其发生改变的临界条件,采用可视圆柱入渗试验和离散元数值模拟,分析了细粒迁移的影响因素和内部机理。结果表明：（1）细粒迁移受级配和水力梯度影响显著,而受初始孔隙率影响不显著,且级配的影响大于水力梯度;（2）水力作用下细粒整体运动状态可分为沉积和滤通2种模式,内部结构不稳定的砂砾土细粒运动处于滤通状态,内部结构稳定和稳定性过渡型砂砾土随水力梯度升高细粒的运动状态从整体沉积转变为整体滤通;（3）细粒运动状态在粒径比和水力梯度共同作用下存在明显界限,最终得到细粒沉积-滤通转变的临界条件为$ i = 3.4 - $$ 0.12{{\text{e}}^{\left( {{D_{15}}/{d_{85}}} \right)/1.5}} $。研究可为砂砾土斜坡渗蚀失稳防护提供理论指导。     

Rainfall‐induced consolidation and sealing effects on soil erodibility during concentrated runoff for loess‐derived topsoils

Flume experiments simulating concentrated runoff were carried out on remolded silt loam soil samples (0·36 × 0·09 × 0·09 m³) to measure the effect of rainfall‐induced soil consolidation and soil surface sealing on soil erosion by concentrated flow for loess‐derived soils and to establish a relationship between soil erodibility and soil bulk density. Soil consolidation and sealing were simulated by successive simulated rainfall events (0–600 mm of cumulative rainfall) alternated by periods of drying. Soil detachment measurements were repeated for four different soil moisture contents (0·04, 0·14, 0·20 and 0·31 g g^?1). Whereas no effect of soil consolidation and sealing is observed for critical flow shear stress (τ_cr), soil erodibility (Kc) decreases exponentially with increasing cumulative rainfall depth. The erosion‐reducing effect of soil consolidation and sealing decreases with a decreasing soil moisture content prior to erosion due to slaking effects occurring during rapid wetting of the dry topsoil. After about 100 mm of rainfall, Kc attains its minimum value for all moisture conditions, corresponding to a reduction of about 70% compared with the initial Kc value for the moist soil samples and only a 10% reduction for the driest soil samples. The relationship estimating relative Kc values from soil moisture content and cumulative rainfall depth predicts Kc values measured on a gradually consolidating cropland field in the Belgian Loess Belt reasonably well (MEF = 0·54). Kc is also shown to decrease linearly with increasing soil bulk density for all moisture treatments, suggesting that the compaction of thalwegs where concentrated flow erosion often occurs might be an alternative soil erosion control measure in addition to grassed waterways and double drilling. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岩石圈中水的临界奇异性与断裂耦合触发地震

以等压热容为例,研究岩石圈中水的临界奇异性及出现的条件,探讨岩石圈中水的临界奇异性与断裂耦合作用触发地震的可能性。岩石圈中水存在一、二级相变,相变时水的物理化学性质将发生明显改变,在临界点处表现出奇异性,如热容、膨胀系数和压缩系数等将趋于无穷大,按照Mie-Grneisen方程((P/T)V=γρCV),热容无穷大时将导致热压也趋于无穷大,压力将瞬时剧增。但水的临界奇异性出现的条件是温、压同时趋于临界值,在岩石圈中温、压是相互关联的,按照正常的地温梯度(15～35℃/km)和地压梯度(0.025～0.03GPa/km)计算,达到水的临界温度和压力的深度分别是24～10km和0.88～0.73km,即在岩石圈中若没有断裂的存在时则不可能同时达到水的临界温度和临界压力,不可能出现临界奇异性。断裂使压力降至水的临界压力,使得在岩石圈中某处温度和压力可同时达到水的临界值而出现奇异性,水的临界奇异性和断裂的耦合导致热压剧增,可能触发地震     

川滇地区电离层多参量异常监测系统的设计与实现

介绍了川滇地区电离层多参量异常监测系统的设计思路与功能实现,并将该系统应用于2019年6月17日四川长宁MS6.0地震的监测试验.结果表明:该系统实现了全球和中国区域垂直总电子含量VTEC、站点VTEC和F2层临界频率foF2异常变化的实时监测,有助于开展示范性地震电离层异常监测工作,其图形及数据结果可为地震-电离层异...     

A critical zone observatory dedicated to suspended sediment transport: The meso-scale Galabre catchment (southern French Alps)

The 20 km² Galabre catchment belongs to the French network of critical zone observatories (OZCAR; Gaillardet et al., Vadose Zone Journal, 2018, 17(1), 1–24). It is representative of the sedimentary lithology and meteorological forcing found in Mediterranean and mountainous areas. Due to the presence of highly erodible and sloping badlands on various lithologies, the site was instrumented in 2007 to understand the dynamics of suspended sediments (SS) in such areas. Two meteorological stations including measurements of air temperature, wind speed and direction, air moisture, rainfall intensity, raindrop size and velocity distribution were installed both in the upper and lower part of the catchment. At the catchment outlet, a gauging station records the water level, temperature and turbidity (10 min time-step). Stream water samples are collected automatically to estimate SS concentration-turbidity relationships, allowing quantification of SS fluxes with known uncertainty. The sediment samples are further characterized by measuring their particle size distributions and by applying a low-cost sediment fingerprinting approach using spectrocolorimetric tracers. Thus, the contributions of badlands located on different lithologies to total SS flux are quantified at a high temporal resolution, providing the opportunity to better analyse the links between meteorological forcing variability and watershed hydrosedimentary response. The set of measurements was extended to the dissolved phase in 2017. Both stream water electrical conductivity and major ion concentrations are measured each week and every 3 h during storm events. This extension of measurements to the dissolved phase will allow progress in understanding both the origin of the water during the events and the partitioning between particulate and dissolved fluxes of solutes in the critical zone. All data sets are available at https://doi.osug.fr/public/DRAIXBLEONE_GAL/index.html .     

考虑含水率影响的结构性黄土临界状态模型

根据不同初始含水率原状黄土结构性演化规律,基于临界状态土力学理论,以应力、初始含水率和应变为基本变量,提出了一个可以反映原状黄土结构性演化规律及软化特性的临界状态本构模型。模型通过对比不同初始含水率下重塑与原状黄土等向压缩曲线,建立了不同含水率下原状黄土的结构性参数及其演化方程。此外,模型采用非相关联流动法则,以剪胀方程的形式来求解塑性偏应变。模型共计9个材料参数,均可由压缩试验和常规三轴剪切试验求得。通过与已有试验数据的对比发现,本模型不仅可以较好地体现初始含水率对原状黄土结构强度、变形特性以及结构破坏规律的影响,而且能较为合理地预测原状黄土的硬化及软化特性。所建立的结构性黄土临界状态模型为深化黄土力学特性研究提供了可能,同时为有效计算黄土地基湿陷变形提供了一定的理论依据。     

Evaluating the fitness for use of spatial data sets to promote quality in ecological assessment and monitoring

This article proposes and illustrates a practical methodological framework to evaluate the fitness for use of spatial data sets for environmental and ecological applications, focusing on user requirements for specified application contexts. The methodology is based on the use of metadata to analyze similarity between the data characteristics and the user’s needs or expectations for several quality indicators. Additionally, the concept of ‘critical factors’ is introduced in this framework, allowing users to define which quality indicators have greater importance given their own requirements or expectations and the specified application contexts. The proposed methodology further allows integrating and interconnecting the spatial data quality (SDQ) evaluation methodology with metadata geoportals in WebGIS platforms, facilitating its operation by users from non-spatial disciplines and with often limited expertise on this subject. Examples of the evaluation of fitness for use for specific application contexts within the project BIO_SOS (‘Biodiversity Multi-SOurce Monitoring System: From Space To Species’ FP7 project) are presented. By providing a prompt and straightforward evaluation tool, the proposed methodology can encourage the implementation of SDQ evaluation routines in ecological assessment and monitoring programs, promoting a more adequate use of geospatial data and ultimately contributing to well-supported policy and management decisions.     

高速公路交通事故与气象条件的关系研究

恶劣天气是高速公路交通事故发生的重要诱因。为了解气象条件对高速公路交通事故的影响程度,基于2006—2008年汉宜高速公路交通事故数据,统计分析了该路段交通事故的月际和日变化特征,利用事故率和日交通事故指数区分定义了交通事故频次和灾害严重程度,采用多项式曲线拟合了气象条件与事故指数的关系,确定了事故突发增长的临界气象指标。结果表明:汛期5—9月是汉宜高速公路交通事故高发时期,冬季其次,春季3—4月及秋季10—11月事故发生较少。高速公路交通事故存在明显日变化特征,03—04时和14—17时为事故高发时段。汉宜高速公路交通事故频率主要受中到大雨和夏季高温天气的影响,事故灾害严重程度主要受强降水和冬季低温天气的影响。大风强降水天气条件下的事故率要高于一般强降水条件下的事故率,夏季潮湿、闷热天气条件下的事故率要高于一般高温天气条件下的事故率。当高速公路沿线平均日雨量达到中到大雨时,事故率达到高峰;当沿线平均雨量超过20 mm时,事故灾害突发严重。当公路沿线平均高温超过33℃时,事故率突发增长;0~3℃的低温对事故灾害程度影响较大。